Résumé Durant l’entre-deux-guerres, la Pologne est décrite dans les travaux démographiques et les congrès internationaux comme un pays surpeuplé, où, selon des raisonnements malthusiens, la « loi de la nature » voue l’accroissement de la population à des issues fatales. Cet article décrit comment, dans les années 1930, deux nouveaux courants vont lever la trappe malthusienne. L’un au sein de la démographie, suivant une nouvelle approche biologique de la reproduction, lance une enquête sur la natalité qui saisit la diffusion des (...) pratiques anticonceptionnelles. L’autre porté par des militants réunissant des activistes pour l’émancipation des femmes, la liberté sexuelle, et contre la pénalisation de l’avortement, revendique le contrôle des naissances. Dans les deux cas, les termes malthusiens sont remplacés : la biologie est substituée à la nature, la régulation « consciente » des naissances à la fécondité naturelle non contrôlée. Les milieux catholiques qui opposent méthodes naturelle et artificielle, défendent l’adoption par les femmes de la nouvelle méthode Ogino, avec celle-ci s’entre-ouvre la possibilité d’une nature régulée. (shrink)

Polity Press, in its Key Concept series, favors natural elements for the covers of its books on social issues: lush rice fields for Will Atkinson's Class; close-up leaves for Muriel Darmon's Socialization. Far from being green ornaments, these editorial choices point to a trend in late twentieth- and twenty-first-century narratives of emancipation. Texts are developing what could be called an ecology of class mobility. There is a constellation of French narratives on those who leave, that also takes into consideration the (...) countryside of those whose stay. Some parvenus, "de-planted," "transplanted," have imprinted the hinterland of their childhood (Véron and Abiven 47-48).1 From this vantage point, the background of... Read More. (shrink)

Enjeu de pouvoir et reflet de controverses sur le rôle et la finalité de l’entreprise, l’intérêt social a fait son entrée dans le code civil, de manière éclatante, à la faveur de la « loi PACTE ». Contrairement à l’idée répandue selon laquelle cette consécration législative ne serait qu’une formalisation – à droit constant – de la jurisprudence, il est soutenu ici que le législateur a affirmé pour la première fois, bien qu’implicitement, une conception inédite, élargie, de l’intérêt social. En (...) imposant une obligation de gérer la société conformément à son intérêt social en prenant en considération les enjeux sociaux et environnementaux liés à son activité, l’article 1833 alinéa 2 du code civil recèle cependant une ambiguïté fondamentale : le législateur a entendu faire des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux une composante de l’intérêt social, tout en exigeant qu’ils soient simplement « pris en considération ». Cet apparent paradoxe traduit en réalité un nouveau modèle normatif. Contournant l’obstacle qui aurait consisté – aux prix d’une insécurité juridique majeure – à imposer directement aux sociétés de se conformer à des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux indéterminés, le législateur a érigé une obligation de réflexion et de délibération sur ces enjeux au cours du processus de décision sociale, faisant le pari que cet impératif procédural modifiera l’agir pratique des acteurs concernés. Ce nouveau modèle normatif traduit une conception renouvelée du rôle et de la finalité de l’entreprise sociétaire, expressément dépositaire d’une certaine conception de l’intérêt général. (shrink)

Constructions marking information structure in French have been widely documented within the constructionist framework. C’est ‘it is’ clefts have been demonstrated to express the focus of the sentence. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how children are able to acquire clefts, and how they develop information structure categories. The aim of this study is to investigate the acquisition of clefts in French through the usage-based framework, to understand (i) whether IS categories emerge gradually like other linguistic categories, and (ii) how children build (...) IS categories. For this, I analysed 256 c’est-clefts produced by three children between age 2 and 3. I show that most early clefts are produced by children with the chunk c’est moi associated with the concrete function of requesting to perform an action themselves. This chunk then becomes a frame with slot, extending the function to other human referents and discourse participants with the function of requesting adults to perform an action. Another large portion of early clefts seems to belong to a frame with slot c’est X whose function is to identify the agent who carried out an action. These findings suggest that the information structure category of focus emerges gradually. (shrink)

Couvrant soixante ans d’histoire, depuis l’adoption de la première loi fédérale en matière d’assurance chômage en 1924, jusqu’à la mise en œuvre de la Loi fédérale sur l’assurance chômage obligatoire et l’indemnité en cas d’insolvabilité (LACI) en 1982, l’ouvrage de Carola Togni donne à voir la genèse de l’assurance chômage sous un jour inédit, soit comme un outil de gestion sexuée du chômage et de l’emploi. Cette analyse socio-historique constitue une contribution importante à l’histoire de...

C’est un ouvrage court et dense, centré sur une thèse plus que sur une problématique – la politique de reproduction dans la société ottomane du xixe siècle – que propose Gühlan Balsoy avec une détermination qui emporte la conviction. Le thème qui se situe au croisement de plusieurs domaines, de l’histoire des politiques de population à l’histoire de la médecine et des femmes, est cependant circonscrit à la question de la reproduction et de la sexualité des femmes ottomanes, qui, à (...) partir de l... (shrink)

By the end of the 19th century, the Prussian censuses registered regularly the nationality of the population according to a standard criterion: the mother tongue. The background to this institutionalization could be mapped out in terms of the early creation of the statistical office, the reform of the bureaucracy, and the political challenge following the annexation of the western part of the former Polish state. However, this paper gives a different account of that goes beyond a state-level history of a (...) statistical institution. At the beginning of the 19th century, nationality was already registered in some localities. The purpose was to measure the use of German in schools and churches and hence the effectiveness of the Germanization of the Poles. Although the statistical office was in existence, it had little influence on these local practices, and their heterogeneity prevailed for decades. This situation was modified by the centralization of the census in the 1860s in the hands of the statistical office, and the emergence of a demographic approach. This change occurred in the context of discussions with local authorities regarding their use of language statistics. The census has to be seen therefore as an integration on multiple levels of statistical practices. (shrink)

Over the last decade, businesses, policymakers, and researchers alike have advocated the need for value creation through inter-organizational collaboration. Researchers have widely argued that organizations that are engaged in collaborative processes create value. Because researchers have tended to focus on the identification of organizational motivations and on key success factors for collaboration, however, both the nature and processes of value creation in inter-organizational collaboration have yet to be examined. A recent theory by Austin and Seitanidi :726–758, 2012a; Nonprofit Volunt Sect (...) Q 41:929–968, 2012b) has proposed an analytical framework for analyzing value creation in inter-organizational collaboration, based on four types of value. The purpose of this current study is to empirically test this framework, and to provide key pointers for analyzing the nature of value, particularly in relation to learning. Our detailed empirical research is based on a 6-year retrospective case study of an inter-organizational partnership within an international development project for local economic development in Guatemala. The study’s contributions are twofold. First, it provides evidence of the critical path of the creation of diverse types of values in a collaborative process; second, it links the different types of value creation with the types of learning that occur in an inter-organizational process. (shrink)

Over the last decade, businesses, policymakers, and researchers alike have advocated the need for value creation through inter-organizational collaboration. Researchers have widely argued that organizations that are engaged in collaborative processes create value. Because researchers have tended to focus on the identification of organizational motivations and on key success factors for collaboration, however, both the nature and processes of value creation in inter-organizational collaboration have yet to be examined. A recent theory by Austin and Seitanidi :726–758, 2012a; Nonprofit Volunt Sect (...) Q 41:929–968, 2012b) has proposed an analytical framework for analyzing value creation in inter-organizational collaboration, based on four types of value. The purpose of this current study is to empirically test this framework, and to provide key pointers for analyzing the nature of value, particularly in relation to learning. Our detailed empirical research is based on a 6-year retrospective case study of an inter-organizational partnership within an international development project for local economic development in Guatemala. The study’s contributions are twofold. First, it provides evidence of the critical path of the creation of diverse types of values in a collaborative process; second, it links the different types of value creation with the types of learning that occur in an inter-organizational process. (shrink)

Morgan Godwyn (1640–c. 1686) was a White English Anglican minister who worked as a missionary in Virginia and Barbados for over ten years. This chapter is a selection from his antislavery treatise The Negro’s and Indians Advocate, which he published in London in 1680 but seems to have composed in Barbados in the 1670s. The text’s stated goal is to argue that enslavers ought to grant enslaved people religious freedom, or more precisely, convert them to Christianity and then allow them (...) to practice it. Yet Godwyn occasionally goes beyond his stated goal—for instance, by criticizing the inhumane treatment of enslaved people. He also describes and rebuts the racist idea that Black people are subhuman and can hence be licitly subjected to the most horrific forms of slavery. His account of the origins and nature of this racist idea makes this text important for the history of racism. (shrink)

While Dicer plays an important antiviral role through the RNAi pathway in plants and invertebrates, its contribution to antiviral immunity in vertebrates and more specifically mammals is more controversial. The apparent limited RNAi activity in mammalian cells has been attributed to the reduced long dsRNA processive activity of mammalian Dicer, as well as a functional incompatibility between the RNAi and IFN pathways. Why Dicer has lost this antiviral activity in the profit of the IFN pathway is still unclear. We propose (...) that the primary direct antiviral activity of Dicer has been functionally replaced by other sensors in the IFN pathway, leading to its specialization toward microRNA maturation. As a result, Dicer can regulate the innate immune response and prevent basal activation of the IFN pathway in mammals. Here, we discuss this hypothesis, highlighting how the adaptation of the helicase domain of mammalian Dicer may be key to this process. (shrink)

Objective: The aim of the study was to identify clinical variables associated with changes in specific domains of self-reported depression during treatment by antidepressant and/or repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in patients with Major Depressive Disorder.Methods: Data from a trial involving 170 patients with MDD receiving either venlafaxine, rTMS or both were re-analyzed. Depressive symptoms were assessed each week during the 2 to 6 weeks of treatment with the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory. Associations between depression changes on BDI13 domains, treatment arm, (...) time, and clinical variables were tested in a mixed linear model.Results: A significant decrease of self-reported depressive symptoms was observed over time. The main characteristics associated with persistent higher depressive symptomatology on Negative Self-Reference domain of the BDI13 were personality disorders, a past history of suicide attempt, age under 65 years old, and female sex.Conclusions: Early cognitive intervention targeting specifically negative self-referencing process could be considered during pharmacological or rTMS treatment for patients with personality disorders and past history of suicide attempt. (shrink)

Considerable hope surrounds the use of disease‐specific pluripotent stem cells to generate models of human disease allowing exploration of pathological mechanisms and search for new treatments. Disease‐specific human embryonic stem cells were the first to provide a useful source for studying certain disease states. The recent demonstration that human somatic cells, derived from readily accessible tissue such as skin or blood, can be converted to embryonic‐like induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has opened new perspectives for modelling and understanding a larger (...) number of human pathologies. In this review, we examine the opportunities and challenges for the use of disease‐specific pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug screening. Progress in these areas will substantially accelerate effective application of disease‐specific human pluripotent stem cells for drug screening. (shrink)

Michael L. Morgan is Emeritus Chancellor Professor at Indiana University and the Grafstein Visiting Chair in Jewish Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He has written extensively on ancient Greek philosophy, modern Jewish philosophy, and post-Holocaust theology and ethics.

In this installment of the Faculty Authors Series, Vance Morgan (Philosophy, Providence College) discusses his newest book, "Freelance Christianity: Philosophy, Faith, and the Real World.".

We sometimes say about certain things (such as philosophical questions) that they are ‘deep’ or ‘profound’. But what does it mean exactly? Surprisingly, philosophers have been quite silent on this topic and there is neither consensual nor prominent conceptual analysis of ‘depth’. After surveying different proposals that have tried to capture depth in terms of explanatory depth, subject matter, emotional impact, understanding or complexity, we present the results of three studies in which we combine qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate (...) the everyday concept of ‘depth’. Our results suggest that depth and profundity are generally characterized as (i) something with a meaning, (ii) that stimulates cognitive activity, to (iii) promote epistemic progress about (iv) important issues, thus (v) having an emotional impact. Based on these findings, we propose a first characterization of the ordinary concepts of depth and profundity. (shrink)

The degradation of modern sport--its commercialization, trivialization, widespread cheating, cult of athletic stars and celebrities, and manipulation by the media--has led to calls for its transformation. William J. Morgan constructs a critical theory of sport that shores up the weak arguments of past attempts and points a way forward to making sport more humane, compelling, and substantive. Drawing on the work of social theorists, Morgan challenges scholars and fans alike to explore new spaces in sport culture and imagine the rich (...) cultural and political possibilities to be found in the pastimes we follow with such passion. (shrink)

Do we have to conceive of ourselves as isolated individuals, inevitably distanced from other people and from whatever we might mean when we use the word God? On Becoming God offers an innovative approach to the history of the modern Western self by looking at human identity as something people do together rather than on their own. Ben Morgan argues that the shared practices of human identity can be understood as ways of managing and keeping at bay the impulses and (...) experiences associated with the word God. The "self" is a way of doing things, or of not doing things, with "God." The book draws on phenomenology, gender studies and contemporary neuroscience to present a new approach to the history of modern identity. It surveys existing approaches to modern selfhood and proposes an alternative account by investigating late medieval mysticism, in particular texts written in Germany by Meister Eckhart and others in the same milieu. Reactions to the condemnation of Meister Eckhart's teaching for heresy in 1329 offer a microcosm of the circumstances in which something like the modern self arises as people change their behavior toward others, toward themselves, and toward what they call "God." The book makes Meister Eckhart and his contemporaries appear as our contemporaries by changing the assumptions with which we approach our own identity. To make this change requires a revision of current vocabularies for approaching ourselves, and in particular the vocabulary and habits inherited from psychoanalysis. The book finishes by exploring the parallel between late medieval confessors and their spiritual charges, and late-nineteenth-century psychoanalysts and their patients. The result is a renewed vision of the Freud's project of finding a vocabulary for acknowledging and nurturing our everyday commitments to others and to our spiritual longings. (shrink)

If a man born blind were to gain his sight in later life would he be able to identify the objects he saw around him? Would he recognise a cube and a globe on the basis of his earlier tactile experiences alone? This was William Molyneux's famous question to John Locke and it was much discussed by English and French empiricists in the eighteenth century as part of the controversy over innatism and abstract ideas. Dr Morgan examines the whole history (...) of this debate: Locke's own (negative) answer to the question, the contributions of Berkeley, Condillac, Diderot and Voltaire and the factual accounts of early cataract operations and modern laboratory studies. He shows how this debate is involved in the development and eventual separation of philosophy and experimental psychology after the eighteenth century and considers why the original question is effectively still unanswered. This is one problem-area with its intricate cluster of connected conceptual and technical difficulties which suggests the need for some reunion or at least collaboration between the two subjects. (shrink)

In this, the first book devoted to Peter Achinstein's influential work in philosophy of science, twenty distinguished philosophers, including four Lakatos award winners, address various aspects of Achinstein's influential views on the nature of scientific evidence, scientific explanation, and scientific realism. It includes short essays by Steve Gimbel and Jeff Maynes, Nancy Cartwright, Jordi Cat, Victor DiFate, Jerry Doppelt, Adam Goldstein, Philip Kitcher, Fred Kronz, Deborah Mayo, Greg Morgan, Helen Longino, John Norton, Michael Ruse, Bas van Fraassen, Stathis Psillos, Larry (...) Laudan, Richard Richards, Kent Staley, and Jim Woodward with replies to each contributor from Peter Achinstein. Readers will come away with an understanding of the current debate in multiple areas of philosophy of science and how various contemporary issues are connected. (shrink)

EMERGENT EVOLUTION- THE GIFFORD LECTURES DELIVERED IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ST.

Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. Hesperides Press are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

Most people agree that murder is wrong. Yet, within computer games virtual murder scarcely raises an eyebrow. In one respect this is hardly surprising, as no one is actually murdered within a computer game. A virtual murder, some might argue, is no more unethical than taking a pawn in a game of chess. However, if no actual children are abused in acts of virtual paedophilia (life-like simulations of the actual practice), does that mean we should disregard these acts with the (...) same abandon we do virtual murder? In this paper I shall outline several arguments which attempt to permit virtual murder, whilst prohibiting virtual paedophilia. (shrink)

"One of the expected fruits of Descartes' philosophical enterprise is "the highest and most perfect moral system," a system which, organically developed from its metaphysical and physical foundations, will provide the moral agent with direction and purpose in each of life's contingencies. Yet, Descartes' published work contains no such moral system, and commentators have generally agreed that Descartes "has entered the history of philosophy as perhaps the only systematic philosopher of the first rank who failed to provide any methodical treatment (...) of moral problems."" "Through a careful investigation of primarily Descartes' Correspondence and his final treatise, The Passions of the Soul, Vance Morgan here constructs the framework of a working ethical system, consistent with the spirit of Cartesian metaphysics and physics. He finds that while Descartes' metaphysics are remarkable for their insistence on indubitably clear and distinct principles, his ethic is equally remarkable in its conclusion that indubitably certain, inviolable principles are not available in the realm of morals and human activity. Virtue is not defined with reference to the results of one's actions, nor to one's faithful adherence to a set of rationally derived moral directives. Rather, virtue consists in the moral attitude with which one lives one's life, the psychological conviction that one has always resolutely acted upon the best intellectual activity of which one is capable."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved. (shrink)

The French medical context is characterized by institutionalization of the ethical reflection in health care facilities and an important disparity between spaces of ethical reflection. In theory, the healthcare professional may mobilise an arsenal of resources to help him in his ethical reflection. But what happens in practice? We conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 health-care professionals who did and did not have recourse to clinical ethical committees. We also implemented two focus groups with 18 professionals involved in various spaces of (...) ethical reflection in order to let them debate about a better way to organize ethical reflection in their institutional contexts. The qualitative analysis allows to us to underline the coexistence of different conceptions of ethics among health care professionals. We also observed that the participants in our study shared the experience of ethically problematic situations as roadblocks in the process of communication and decision-making. We therefore report the factors which favour or inhibit the ethical course leading to the resolution or at the very least soothing of the situation at hand. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and underline the fact that while the patient is at the heart of the professional’s ethical preoccupations, this does not imply that they are actors in decisions that concern them. (shrink)

Emmanuel Levinas conceives of our lives as fundamentally interpersonal and ethical, claiming that our responsibilities to one another should shape all of our actions. While many scholars believe that Levinas failed to develop a robust view of political ethics, Michael L. Morgan argues against understandings of Levinas’s thought that find him politically wanting or even antipolitical. Morgan examines Levinas’s ethical critique of the political as well as his Jewish writings—including those on Zionism and the founding of the Jewish state—which are (...) controversial reflections of Levinas’s political expression. Unlike others who dismiss Levinas as irrelevant or anarchical, Morgan is the first to give extensive treatment to Levinas as a serious social political thinker whose ethics must be understood in terms of its political implications. Morgan reveals Levinas’s political commitments to liberalism and democracy as well as his revolutionary conception of human life as deeply interconnected on philosophical, political, and religious grounds. (shrink)

In Discovering Levinas, Michael L. Morgan shows how this thinker faces in novel and provocative ways central philosophical problems of twentieth-century philosophy and religious thought. He tackles this task by placing Levinas in conversation with philosophers such as Donald Davidson, Stanley Cavell, John McDowell, Onora O'Neill, Charles Taylor, and Cora Diamond. He also seeks to understand Levinas within philosophical, religious, and political developments in the history of twentieth-century intellectual culture. Morgan demystifies Levinas by examining his unfamiliar and surprising vocabulary, interpreting (...) texts with an eye to clarity, and arguing that Levinas can be understood as a philosopher of the everyday. Morgan also shows that Levinas's ethics is not morally and politically irrelevant nor is it excessively narrow and demanding in unacceptable ways. Neither glib dismissal nor fawning acceptance, this book provides a sympathetic reading that can form a foundation for a responsible critique. (shrink)

Originally published in 1966 On the Syllogism and Other Logical Writings assembles for the first time the five celebrated memoirs of Augustus De Morgan on the syllogism. These are collected together with the more condensed accounts of his researches given in his Syllabus of a Proposed System of Logic an article on Logic contributed to the English Cyclopaedia. De Morgan was among the most distinguished of nineteenth century British mathematicians but is chiefly remembered today as one of the founders of (...) modern mathematical logic. His writings on this subject have been little read, however since apart from his Formal Logic, they lie buried for the most part in inaccessible periodicals. De Morgan's own later amendments are inserted in the text and the editorial introduction gives a summary of the whole and traces in some detail the course of the once-famous feud with Sir William Hamilton of Edinburgh. (shrink)

Human–animal relationships, including ethic of care relationships, are of growing interest to organization studies, reflecting the substantial role of animals in organizing processes. While some scholars approach these as working relationships, few studies examine the organizational routines established to manage animals in the period after they have been retired due to age, illness, or lack of productiveness. Through a multiple case study of four contrasting sectors in France (dairy ewes, horses, experimental animals, hens), we take a Foucauldian theoretical standpoint, based (...) on the concept of ‘Dispositif,’ to map and analyze the different patterns and dynamics of this organizational routine. Our results indicate that ‘death’ organizational patterns are the most common, with animals other than horses typically being killed immediately upon retirement. However, operators often attempt to implement work-around organizational patterns to ‘save’ animals and ensure them a decent retirement. We explore the numerous and complex interactions between heterogeneous elements that form the different patterns of the routine (actors, instruments, discourses, values, places, machines, etc.), to explain how the routine is both a driver and a result of ‘ethical blindness’ or ‘ethical foresight’ in the management of culled animals. We then interpret the dynamic of the routine as a complex interplay between three major dispositives that govern our relationships with animals. Unfolding and understanding this interplay is useful for progressively acting on various levers (such as artifacts of the routine) and for collectively endeavoring toward a long-term commitment to ethical foresight. (shrink)