ObjectiveIndividuals with an evening chronotype prefer to sleep later at night, wake up later in the day and perform best later in the day as compared to individuals with morning chronotype. Thus, college students without ADHD symptoms with evening chronotypes show reduced cognitive performance in the morning relative to nighttime. In combination with symptoms presented in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, we predicted that having evening chronotype renders impairment in attention during the morning, when students require optimal performance, amplifying desynchrony.MethodFour hundred (...) college students were surveyed for evening chronotype and symptoms of ADHD. Of those surveyed, 43 students with evening chronotype performed laboratory attention tasks and were queried about fatigue during morning and evening sessions.ResultsStudents with ADHD symptoms demonstrated a greater decrement in sustained attentional vigilance when abstaining from stimulants and asked to perform cognitive tests at times misaligned with natural circadian rhythms in arousal compared to their non-ADHD counterparts with the same chronotype. While individuals with ADHD symptoms had slower reaction-times during sustained attention tasks in the morning session compared to those without symptoms, there was no significant group difference in working memory performance, even though both groups made more errors in the morning session compared to the evening session.ConclusionThese findings suggest that evening chronotype students with ADHD symptoms are at a greater disadvantage when having to perform sustained attention tasks at times that are not aligned to their circadian rhythm compared to their neuro-typical peers. The implications of this finding may be useful for the provision of disability accommodations to college age students with ADHD when they are expected to perform tasks requiring sustained attention at times misaligned with their circadian rhythms. (shrink)

This article challenges the widespread view that causal relations are wholly non-normative natural relations. In the case of salient social categories such as race and sex, I argue for a dependency of the causal order of things on the moral and political. At the center of my argument is a puzzle about how audit studies, social scientific experiments that approximate the idealized controlled experiment, work to probe the causal significance of race and sex. Essential to these studies is the distinction (...) between differences that constitute rather than confound an effect of their variable of interest—a distinction, which, I claim, embodies judgments about the sorts of differences that constitute the wrongful causal influence of these categories. If our best scientific practices latch onto genuine features of causation, then normative theorizing’s place in scientific causal theorizing entails that normative facts figure in the causal structure. (shrink)

Most leading philosophical accounts of discrimination theorize discrimination as a causal notion: roughly, an action discriminates on the basis of X (e.g., race, sex) if X causes (in the right way) the adverse outcome. This article explores the prospects for this causal account. Focusing my attention on the case of sex discrimination, I argue that struggles to settle the causal question regress to question-begging. This argument calls into question not just whether the causal account can handle sophisticated cases, which have (...) recently been conceived of (by some) as discriminatory on the basis of sex, but even classic cases of sex discrimination. The negative argument in turn brings to light an alternative normative-causal approach to discrimination, which I sketch and suggest is promising indeed. (shrink)

Stephanie Collins offers a comprehensive and creative yet pleasantly accessible theory of organisational wrongdoing. She bridges the gap between ontological and normative considerations around coll...

Machine learning algorithms bring out an under-appreciated puzzle of discrimination, namely figuring out when a decision made on the basis of a factor correlated with race is a decision made on the basis of race. I argue that prevailing approaches, which are based on identifying and then distinguishing among causal effects of race, in their metaphysical timidity, fail to get off the ground. I suggest, instead, that adopting a constructivist theory of race answers this puzzle in a principled manner. On (...) what I call a “thick constructivist” account of race, to be raced is to be socially positioned in the way indicated by a certain set of statistical regularities on the basis of particular phenotypical traits. A thick constructivist sees that acting on the basis of correlations that constitute race qua social position just is acting on the basis of race, because races just are social positions that subject their member individuals to a particular matrix of social relations that define the raced position. This conclusion has considerable ramifications for our understanding of discrimination, algorithms and beyond. (shrink)

Discussions of statistical criteria for fairness commonly convey the normative significance of calibration within groups by invoking what risk scores “mean.” On the Same Meaning picture, group-calibrated scores “mean the same thing” (on average) across individuals from different groups and accordingly, guard against disparate treatment of individuals based on group membership. My contention is that calibration guarantees no such thing. Since concrete actual people belong to many groups, calibration cannot ensure the kind of consistent score interpretation that the Same Meaning (...) picture implies matters for fairness, unless calibration is met within every group to which an individual belongs. Alas only perfect predictors may meet this bar. The Same Meaning picture thus commits a reference class fallacy by inferring from calibration within some group to the “meaning” or evidential value of an individual’s score, because they are a member of that group. The reference class answer it presumes does not only lack justification; it is very likely wrong. I then show that the reference class problem besets not just calibration but other group statistical criteria that claim a close connection to fairness. Reflecting on the origins of this oversight opens a wider lens onto the predominant methodology in algorithmic fairness based on stylized cases. (shrink)

In this chapter we take stock of some of the complexities of the sprawling field of AI ethics. We consider questions like "what is the proper scope of AI ethics?" And "who counts as an AI ethicist?" At the same time, we flag several potential uses and abuses of AI ethics. These include challenges for the AI ethicist, including what qualifications they should have; the proper place and extent of futuring and speculation in the field; and the dilemmas concerning how (...) we use our public and academic resources. (shrink)

This article explores the issue of normative distinctiveness in machine learning decision systems alongside Solon Barocas, Moritz Hardt, and Arvind Narayanan’s landmark book Fairness and Machine Learning. What, if anything, is different this time, with the rise of machine learning-based aids to bureaucratic decision-making? I show how a focus on normative distinctiveness can obscure from view a much more significant upshot of machine learning: that the mere existence of feasible alternatives presses new justificatory demands not just on the design of (...) new technical systems but on the prevailing human-centered decision regime. I argue that depoliticizing conventional bureaucratic structures of decision-making leads to a missed opportunity for a broader normative reevaluation of what we owe to each other in a world of expanded practical possibility. (shrink)

Having a medical student present in a consultation is often seen as an imposition on the patient, with the key ethical concerns being around confidentiality and respect for the patient’s dignity. The educational benefit for the student is primarily seen as being to enhance their clinical knowledge and experience, such that they develop, through observation and supervised practice, clinical and communication skills. However, through the paradigm of bearing witness, new aspects of this interaction can be explored. A witness is understood (...) as a neutral third-party observer whose role is not based in action but to listen and remember. When applied to the role of a medical student on a clinical placement, two ethical aspects can be drawn out. First, this is of benefit to the patient in providing the time and space for them to be truly seen and heard. In turn, this signifies the possibility of being known. Second, this role enhances the ethical understanding of the student such that it is a form of moral education. Furthermore, this is within a social and political context which invokes a sense of responsibility. Studying the biology of a human is a process of alienation from engagement with humanity, turning a person into a set of biological processes. Through understanding a medical student’s role as bearing witness, a clinical placement can be seen as having an ethical purpose in reconnecting them to their moral appreciation of individual human beings. (shrink)

In this article, I set forth an inquiry into discrimination on the basis of race via two broad questions: What is a consideration of race a consideration of? And what is it for action to be on the basis of that consideration? Beginning with the matter of what constitutes race-based action brings out two conceptual hinges in analyses of racial discrimination, one in race and one in reason, that comprise what I call the race as a reason framework. Not only (...) are there different notions of practical reason that may be implicated in the stricture not to act on the basis of race (as a reason), there are also different conceptions of race that are relevant to these different notions of reasons for acting. Drawing out these two sites of ambiguity generates an illuminating taxonomy of acting on the basis of race that has significant theoretical and normative upshots for discrimination theory. (shrink)

Theories of causation within the causal modeling framework are among the most promising and well‐developed approaches to analyzing actual causation today. But since the advent of model‐based theories of causation, authors have struggled with the fact that virtually all such theories issue different causal conclusions when applied to different causal models (of the same case). In recent years, these concerns about model relativity have sharpened into a search for a general theory of model aptness, which lays out principled grounds on (...) which models may be ruled out as inapt for causal analysis. This article presents a new way of understanding what drives model relativity that shows why it is such an enduring problem. I show why extant proposals fail and furthermore, why they are not of the right form to be a solution. Along the way, I draw broader lessons about what an adequate answer to these problems must be like. I then take a step toward such an account by outlining a substantive constraint on when variables and paths in a causal model must not be drawn and when they may. (shrink)

All through the COVID-19-crisis Conspiracy Theories and False Information spread all around the globe. In this article, we want to suggest that the spreading and retainment of disinformation despite counter-evidence is best to be understood in the context of echo chambers as described by Chris Thi Nguyen. Moreover, we want to argue that people active in those echo chambers are at the same time perpetrators as well as victims of epistemic injustice to different amounts. Although this article cannot cover the (...) phenomenon as a whole, we hope to outline a path for further investigation. (shrink)

How could ectogestative technology disrupt gender roles, parenting practices, and concepts such as ‘birth’, ‘body’, or ‘parent’? In this chapter, we situate this emerging technology in the context of the history of reproductive technologies and analyse the potential social and conceptual disruptions to which it could contribute. An ectogestative device, better known as ‘artificial womb’, enables the extra-uterine gestation of a human being, or mammal more generally. It is currently developed with the main goal of improving the survival chances of (...) extremely premature neonates. We argue that the intended use of the technology in neonatal intensive care units, as an alternative to current incubators (’partial-ectogestation’), challenges concepts such as ‘birth’, ‘fetus’, and ‘neonate’, and has several ethico-legal implications. We moreover address a more futuristic scenario where the entire embryological and fetal development could happen within an artificial womb (’full-ectogestation’). Such a scenario reveals the disruption of gender roles, parenting practices, and concepts such as ‘mother’, ‘father’, and ‘parent’. Both full- and partial-ectogestation would have implications for engineering and design, law-making, ethics, and philosophical anthropology. (shrink)

In this chapter we identify three potentially morally problematic behaviours that are common among users of dating and hook-up apps (DHAs) and provide arguments as to why they may or may not be considered (a) in a category of their own, distinct from similar behaviours outside of DHAs; (b) caused or facilitated by affordances and business logic of DHAs; (c) as indeed morally wrong. We also consider ways in which morally problematic behaviours can be anticipated, mitigated, or even prevented by (...) analysis of the ethical and moral dimensions of technologies and their afforded uses. Finally, we offer some possible directions for future work on these topics in particular and on the ethical consequences of DHAs in general. (shrink)

Causation and causal claims abound in the social world as much as in the natural world. But a dominant theory of causation, prevalent among philosophers of causation and scientists who pursue causal inquiry, an interventionist theory of causation, is flawed when applied to cases of social causation. Or so I argue. I pursue in this dissertation various challenges to interventionist analyses of social causation: In Chapter 1, I argue directly against a causal structure of the social world limned by interventionism. (...) I claim in Chapter 2 that causal theorizing about social categories such as race involves ineliminable substantive moral and political considerations, a feature for which interventionism cannot well account. In Chapter 3, I turn to discuss the distinctively normative set of issues with adopting a certain kind of interventionism-based causal analysis of discrimination. My suggestion is that these normative upshots make for a strong practical case against the interventionist causal account of discrimination. If I am right in my arguments throughout these chapters, interventionism is not well-suited to the explanatory and normative aims of our causal theorizing. Thus, if the interventionist idea does in fact undergird many of the ways we pursue causal inquiry about the social world, then such practices should either be revised or perhaps even be abandoned. (shrink)

This article employs space and place as analytic categories in the history of life sciences and public health research in rural Argentina. The historical-ecological panorama of South America’s “Gran Chaco” region served as the backdrop to key life sciences research agendas and public health initiatives of the twentieth century. Through an examination of the cross-disciplinary works of Argentine zoologist, schoolteacher, and fiction writer Jorge Washington Ábalos (1915-1979), this investigation reveals how his social and professional identities, together with multiscalar mobilities and (...) networks of knowledge production, came to bear on the ways in which he conducted research, engaged with collaborators during his field practice, and produced knowledge over the course of his career. More broadly, this study posits the sociospatial and cultural specificities of place (in this case the Gran Chaco) as key forces that shape ideas and practices relevant to the history of biology. The study draws from a diverse bibliography of publications from Ábalos’ multifaceted career. His works include scientific reports on the venomous fauna of the Gran Chaco (animal behavior, morphology, and taxonomy), and epidemiological studies of what the global health community today terms “Neglected Tropical Diseases.” These are accompanied by a collection of novels, short stories and autobiographically-inspired accounts of his time spent living in rural landscapes and social contexts. (shrink)

Though there has been much debate about whether Abelard's ethics are dangerously subjective or surprisingly absolutist, one thing is unanimous: they are intentionalist. The goal of this article is to parse out what should be meant by this claim, distancing his ethical account from the popular Kantian appraisal. Though much of the secondary literature on Abelard likens him to Kant, I argue that this is mistaken. For Abelard, an agent's intentions are informed by their affections—whether carnal or spiritual. This becomes (...) clear when contextualizing Abelard's use of intentio with a view to his Commentary on Romans. Using the account of intention I suggest—one nuanced by Abelard's own theological commitments and biblical exegesis—it will be clear that Abelard's ethics is not a case for the moral neutrality of the passions nor an ethic of pure reason. (shrink)

This chapter explores the impact of “bureaucratic individualism” and profit-centered models on the medical profession, specifically examining Chronic Moral Injury (CH-MI). Drawing on Alasdair MacIntyre’s philosophy and Farr Curlin and Christopher Tollefsen’s critique of the Provider of Services Model (PSM) in healthcare, we argue that the erosion of practical reason—a key element for pursuing excellence in the profession—has dire consequences. Within the PSM, the focus on consumerism and radical patient autonomy hampers medical professionals’ ability to make value-informed judgments, contributing to (...) CH-MI and a crisis of purpose. The chapter calls for redefining healthcare models to prioritize human flourishing over corporate interests. (shrink)

In the realization of moving automata for Francesco I de’ Medici’s sixteenth-century Villa Pratolino outside of Florence, the memory of antiquity informed both the practical and theoretical operations of these “living statues.” The 1587 description of the villa and its wonders, Delle Maravigliose Opere di Pratolino, & d’Amore by Francesco de’ Vieri, associates magical traditions of statue animation with Renaissance automata in a passage that cites Aristotle’s description, rooted in atomism and sympathetic magic, of the physical process by which Daedalus (...) animated his legendary wooden Venus. From the fifteenth century onwards, the rediscovery and popularity of Neoplatonic and Hermetic philosophical texts in the Renaissance perpetuated Greco-Egyptian methods of investing man-made vessels, typically cult statues, with some kind of “life” from received celestial influences, thus manufacturing the “living gods” of antiquity. Simultaneously, mechanical texts which preserved mechanical devices and principles from ancient Alexandria were being assimilated to the engineering repertoire of Western Europe, and air and water were harnessed to impart movement to the early modern automata which graced Italian Renaissance hydraulic villas and gardens. For the court of Francesco I de’ Medici, the division between our modern scientific concept of air and a metaphysical “spirit” was not yet drawn, and manipulating this occult “influence” was invested with a mastery of a far broader, unseen sphere. For the court philosopher De’ Vieri, Neoplatonic and Hermetic writings furnished alternative and not necessarily contradictory understandings of various hidden forces which could cause statues to move. In the late sixteenth century, a much broader conception of “nature” allowed for the confirmation of invisible or “occult” phenomena which did not preclude the magical philosophy of antiquity from being related to the empirical discoveries being made via the production of new mechanical devices. De’ Vieri’s 1587 panegyric to Pratolino demonstrates that the mastery of mechanical as well as esoteric magical philosophy came to feature in the propaganda of the newly-invested Medici Grand Duke. (shrink)

This essay addresses the pivotal challenge the 2024 Gaza Solidarity student encampments bring to our understanding of the university that resonates within a longer genealogy of anti-war and anti-imperial movement politics. The piece proposes "dwelling" as a form of critical analysis and political practice, referring to the term's structural, affective, and temporal registers. Approaching the university as an activating "dwelling" site, the essay asks: how might the university's "illiberal" political formation allow us to not only undiscipline the student movement's relation (...) to the institution itself, but also track its workings of power and potential to operationalize otherwise. The essay further contrasts this movement with the way "dwelling" in Gaza—physical shelter, life-making possibilities—has been undergoing genocidal siege and erasure. The essay hopes to open up rather than foreclose or obscure the continued need to build coalitional possibilities that have always already been in formation. (shrink)

Just war theory deals with the conditions that justify war (jus ad bellum) and the rules of warfare (jus in bello): the justifications of why and how wars are fought. Debates about the rules of war have been applied to wars across millennia and are relevant for practitioners and theorists today, in a new age of warfare: the drone era. Killer drones, employed in several recent and current conflicts, involve technologies that enable new ways of killing remotely, requiring discussions on (...) just war to resume in the context of war technology becoming linked to artificial intelligence. This chapter examines the legality and morality of drones in warfare, claims of precision strikes, bombing-as-gaming and prospects of peace. Using America’s War on Terror as a case study, it addresses issues of war as an amoral exercise of power, the international system as a state of nature, the legal and moral status of combatants and non-combatants and concepts of military virtue in battles that lack, at least partly, the human element. Drone warfare, it concludes, blurs the distinction between war and peace, changes the nature of war and, rather than resolve the ethical dilemmas of armed combat, poses new moral challenges for the regulation of symmetric and asymmetric conflicts. (shrink)

Much of the research on theory of mind (ToM) approaches ToM as a unitary construct; on such an account, mental state understanding across different contexts reflects the same cognitive process. Some researchers, however, suggest that ToM can be separated into different components that contribute differently to the understanding of people's minds. Evidence from developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience supports the notion that ToM consists of at least two components. Three different componential views are discussed: (1) early‐ versus late‐developing components, (2) (...) social‐perceptual versus social‐cognitive components, and (3) affective versus cognitive components. (shrink)

Collage is a practice with particular feminist resonances that has both touched and been touched by many feminist hands for varied feminist means. Figures such as Mary Delany, Claude Cahun and Wangechi Mutu have all practised collage as a strategy for subversive and disruptive world-making. As feminist art critic Lucy Lippard describes, collage is ‘born of interruption’. This article traces some of these interruptive, feminist uses of collage and asks what it might mean to use collage as a feminist research (...) and (hi)storytelling strategy. Drawing on Karen Barad’s theorisations of the agential cut as a boundary-making practice, I propose a collage-based feminist research strategy wherein archival materials, knowledges, bodies, subjects and things are agentially cut, arranged and pasted together/apart in unexpected ways to produce unexpected dis/connections, attachments and relationships. A collage-based approach to feminist materials and knowledge disrupts hegemonic understandings of materiality, linearity, clarity and coherency, and opens up alternative ways of knowing feminisms and their things. I argue that collage locates the feminist researcher and (hi)storyteller as actively response-able to and for their research, its gestures, its narratives and its results, and ask what kinds of visions and versions of response-ability emerge from this. What kinds of structures are our cuts supporting? Whose histories are our cuts re-membering? In short, who lives and who dies in our feminist research and (hi)storytelling? With collage, these questions are felt and touched by the researcher, the cutter and the paster, and therefore felt as embodied questions that matter ethically, ontologically and epistemologically. (shrink)

Government have in the past embarked on many infrastructural programmes such as building of roads, hospitals, health centers in the rural areas, schools, etc for its citizens. A lot of projects have been carried out in the past years, there are institutions formed to carter for the implementation of such programmes, institutions like NEMA to check disasters, repair of roads, collapse buildings etc. NDDC was formed to take care of roads in the South East but many of these programmes and (...) institutions have not fared well in recent years because of corruption. Take for instance in the channels news of Tuesdays 16/6/2020 the new NDDC Director revealed how projects awarded to contractors in the past were all not carried out, funds meant for those purposes were all embezzled into private pockets. With the coming of Covid 19, governments have now found cover to say Covid 19 has attacked all revenue sources and so cannot carry out projects in the country. This is the burden of this work. Is it true that it is Covid 19 that halted the success of programme implementation in Nigeria? This is what this paper is out to ascertain. (shrink)

Each year the US federal individual income tax delivers over $500 billion worth of tax incentives intended to encourage socially beneficial activities. Currently the vast majority operate through deductions or exclusions, which link the size of the subsidy to the taxpayer's marginal tax bracket. This article argues that uniform refundable credits are a more efficient approach for tax incentives intended to correct for positive externalities, absent evidence that positive externalities exist or that externalities or elasticities associated with the subsidized activity (...) vary by income class. Moreover, some type of refundable credit should almost always be the most efficient subsidy even if externalities or elasticities rise with income. Their efficiency benefits are further magnified by their tendency to automatically smooth household income and macroeconomic demand. This article thus proposes a dramatic change in how the government provides tax incentives for socially valued activities: the default for all such tax incentives should be a uniform refundable tax credit. (shrink)

As an important part of entrepreneurial environment, Culture directly or indirectly affects individual entrepreneurial intention. Taking young students as the survey object, this paper uses empirical research methods to explore the relationship between Confucian filial piety culture and Chinese youth’s entrepreneurial intention. The results show that there is a positive correlation between Confucian filial piety culture and Chinese youth’s entrepreneurial intention, achievement motivation, risk-taking tendency and self-efficacy; Confucian filial piety culture has not only a direct effect on Chinese youth’s entrepreneurial (...) intention, but also an indirect effect with achievement motivation, self-efficacy and risk-taking tendency as intermediary variables. (shrink)

Existing ethical guidelines that aim to guide the development of mental health apps tend to overemphasize the role of Western conceptual frameworks. While such frameworks have proved to be a useful first step in introducing ethics to a previously unregulated industry, the rapid global uptake of mental health apps requires thinking more deeply about the diverse populations these apps seek to serve. One way to do this is to introduce more intercultural ethical perspectives into app design and the guidelines that (...) aim to encourage best practices. In addition to this, existing ethical guidelines can also benefit from the ethical scholarship from the feminist and disability traditions, both of which highlight specific ethical considerations for vulnerable users. Rethinking the ethical responsibilities of mental health app designers through the prisms of feminism, disability studies, and intercultural philosophy leads us to a more global and inclusive set of ethical considerations in app design. This white paper explores what existing guidelines for the regulation of mental health apps are missing. It also explores how these guidelines could be improved for users who inhabit an increasingly diverse and globalized world. (shrink)

We contribute to the scientific debate by studying the storylines, discourses and related normative judgments in parliamentary motions by private members of the Swedish parliament from the time period 2010–2019. The paper makes use of an ecofeminist theoretical framework to problematize these storylines, discourses and normative judgments. We conclude that the focus in the material is on economic and technical issues, while issues of justice play a marginal role. None of the important dimensions of energy justice are adequately considered and (...) many of the dominant storylines and discourses are based on the implicit assumption that issues of justice are insignificant. (shrink)

Advocates of moral enhancement through pharmacological, genetic, or other direct interventions sometimes explicitly argue, or assume without argument, that traditional moral education and development is insufficient to bring about moral enhancement. Traditional moral education grounded in a Kohlbergian theory of moral development is indeed unsuitable for that task; however, the psychology of moral development and education has come a long way since then. Recent studies support the view that moral cognition is a higher-order process, unified at a functional level, and (...) that a specific moral faculty does not exist. It is more likely that moral cognition involves a number of different mechanisms, each connected to other cognitive and affective processes. Taking this evidence into account, we propose a novel, empirically informed approach to moral development and education, in children and adults, which is based on a cognitive-affective approach to moral dispositions. This is an interpretative approach that derives from the cognitive-affective personality system (Mischel and Shoda, 1995). This conception individuates moral dispositions by reference to the cognitive and affective processes that realise them. Conceived of in this way, moral dispositions influence an agent's behaviour when they interact with situational factors, such as mood or social context. Understanding moral dispositions in this way lays the groundwork for proposing a range of indirect methods of moral enhancement, techniques that promise similar results as direct interventions whilst posing fewer risks. (shrink)

The present contribution delves into a recent development of the dialogical rules for type theory penned by Ansten Klev that arose from Per Martin-Löf’s take on assertoric knowledge as involved in the correctness criterion for assertion. The main aim of our paper is to set out the central steps towards a new Dialogical Framework called Immanent Reasoning II, which on the one hand integrates some of the CTT-rules developed by Klev, but on the other, develops further the general tenets of (...) the dialogical perspective on meaning and logic. In contrast to Klev’s approach, IR-II contains rules that indicate how to develop plays and winning strategies for a thesis. (shrink)

This study aimed to identify factors affecting customers' decision to revisit a Japanese restaurant in the Greater Jakarta area. The study was conducted by surveying 365 individuals who work at Japanese restaurants in the Jabodetabek area. The study was conducted on 365 people who work at Japanese eateries within the Jabodetabek region. The examination of the information collected from these respondents uncovered the following discoveries: (1) cost essentially impacts the choice to repurchase nourishment at a Japanese eatery; (2) item quality (...) moreover altogether impacts the choice to repurchase nourishment at a Japanese eatery; (3) benefit quality plays a noteworthy part in nourishment repurchase choices at Japanese restaurants; (4) social effect encompasses a noteworthy impact on the choice to repurchase at a Japanese eatery, and (5) experiential showcasing essentially impacts the choice to repurchase nourishment at a Japanese eatery. The research discovered that social influence mediates the link among repurchase decisions and product quality. However, the mediation effect of social influences diminishes the connection among the dependent and independent variables. The research highlights the significance of experiential marketing for the food and beverage sector, as it can help restaurants better understand customers' senses, feelings, sights, actions, and relationships. Overall, the research contributes valuable insights into the limitations of experiential marketing and its impact on customer's repurchase decisions at Japanese restaurants. (shrink)

The variety of symptoms associated with schizophrenia are not easily unified under one coherent concept. Nevertheless, under the gaze of phenomenology, a disturbance of pre-reflexive experience has become increasingly apparent as the basis of the condition, which has so far been understood in two different ways: on the one hand, as a disturbance of basal self-experience, of my-ness or ipseity (Louis Sass, Josef Parnas, Dan Zahavi) and on the other hand, as a disturbance of the passive synthesis of inner time (...) consciousness (Aaron Mishara, Shaun Gallagher, Thomas Fuchs). The present work introduces a link between the two approaches by regarding the basal self-experience grounded in an inner time consciousness. Schizophrenia is thus described as a disturbance of the temporal constitution of self-experience, which on the one hand causes self-alienation and on the other impairs the pre-reflexive, embodied performance of thinking, perceiving and moving. These analyses are then applied to the social dimension of the disorder, which manifests itself, among other symptoms, in the loss of spontaneous attunement with others. (shrink)

When do laws and policies that do not explicitly treat people differently on the basis of legally protected traits like race and sex nonetheless constitute disparate treatment on these bases? According to U.S. constitutional law, they do so when “facially neutral” laws are both enacted for impermissible reasons and also produce a discriminatory effect. To date, the first element of this claim – impermissible intention – has attracted significant attention. However, its second element – discriminatory effect – has been largely (...) ignored. Yet it is critical that we better understand what discriminatory effect requires, as competing tests animate debates in Circuit court cases and the issue has recently been flagged by Justice Alito. This Article takes up the task. It explores the normative disagreement that underlies the controversy regarding how to assess whether discriminatory effect is present and diagnoses the genuine moral conflict that any test for discriminatory harm must navigate. (shrink)

Mentoring literature explores the dark side of mentoring as factors such as gender and race and how they affect the overall mentoring experience. The sociocultural context of the nursing and midwifery professions presents unique characteristics warranting a qualitative exploration of negative mentoring experiences. We aimed to characterise the dark side of mentoring based on informal mentoring relationships occurring among nurses and midwives working in hospitals. Utilising semistructured interviews in a qualitative descriptive design and reflexive thematic analysis, we examined the perceptions (...) of 35 nurses and midwives from three public hospitals located in the Western, Northern and North‐western regions of Uganda. Findings emerged in four overarching themes mentoring process deficits, mentoring relational problems, organisational challenges in mentoring and implications of negative mentoring experiences. Our study findings underscore that, while mentoring is frequently beneficial, it can also be interspersed with negative experiences arising from relational dynamics, particular mentoring processes and the overarching hospital environment. Notably, nurses and midwives actively transformed these challenges into opportunities for growth and self‐improvement, while introspectively examining their roles in contributing to these negative experiences. Such a proactive approach highlights their resilience and steadfast commitment to professional development, even in the face of adversity. (shrink)

To accomplish a just transition, energy scenarios is a helpful tool. Participatory and deliberative methods are increasingly used when constructing and assessing energy scenarios to improve the democratic legitimacy of the results. This article contributes to the scientific debate by analyzing how such methods can include considerations of justice issues in a more systematic manner. It is based on a study of four workshops conducted in Sweden, in which the participants discussed different energy scenarios from a justice perspective. It discusses (...) what can be achieved by methods for participatory-deliberative ethics assessment of the consequences of energy scenarios and how such methods should be designed. (shrink)

This book investigates behaviour change technologies (BCTs) from an ethical perspective, examining the broader societal and philosophical implications of these types of technologies. These technologies-ranging from fitness trackers and smart home systems to digital nudging and persuasive AI-are increasingly shaping our choices, habits, and lifestyles. This book moves beyond nudging and persuasion to explore a broader spectrum of ethical concerns, including autonomy, privacy, trust, responsibility, and social justice. Contributors from leading scholars do not merely critique BCTs but also offer constructive (...) ethical frameworks and ethical analysis for their responsible design and implementation. (shrink)

In this fascinating study, the author analyzes the conceptual roots of molecular biology and the social matrix in which it was developed.

The power of technology to transform religions, science, and political institutions has often been presented as nothing short of revolutionary. Does technology have a similarly transformative influence on societies’ morality? Scholars have not rigorously investigated the role of technology in moral revolutions, even though existing research on technomoral change suggests that this role may be considerable. In this paper, we explore what the role of technology in moral revolutions, understood as processes of radical group-level moral change, amounts to. We do (...) so by investigating four historical episodes of radical moral change in which technology plays a noteworthy role. Our case-studies illustrate the plurality of mechanisms involved in technomoral revolutions, but also suggest general patterns of technomoral change, such as technology’s capacity to stabilize and destabilize moral systems, and to make morally salient phenomena visible or invisible. We find several leads to expand and refine conceptual tools for analysing moral change, specifically by crystallizing the notions of ‘technomoral niche construction’ and ‘moral payoff mechanisms’. Coming to terms with the role of technology in radical moral change, we argue, enriches our understanding of moral revolutions, and alerts us to the depths of which technology can change our societies in wanted and unwanted ways. (shrink)

The AI Act advances a risk-based approach to the legal regulation of AI systems in the European Union. While we support this development, we argue that adequate AI governance requires paying attention to the broader implications of AI systems on the socio-technical landscape in which they are designed, developed, and used. In addition to risk-based impact assessments, this involves coming to terms with the socially disruptive implications of AI, which should be governed and guided in a dynamic ecosystem of regulation, (...) law, ethics, and evolving human practice. In this paper, we outline a ‘social disruptiveness-based’ approach to AI governance aimed at addressing disruptions by AI that are not easily captured by legal regulation, but that are nonetheless of great societal and ethical concern. We argue that integrating the AI Act risk-based approach with a social disruptiveness-based approach can offer a more nuanced understanding of the dimensions of impact of AI systems on society at large, thus enhancing the governance of AI and other socially disruptive technologies. (shrink)