Today more than ever Marxism is profoundly in need of a full and precise modern reappraisal. In his belief that this may only be accomplished along with an examination of the "humanistic" young Marx, Adam Schaff presents in this volume an illumination of the thinker's early work and its relationship to the world-shaking economic philosophy that stemmed from it.

Theoretic and historical study of international communist movement. The marxist concept of human relations and about social policy.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and (...) made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

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The slightest reflection shows that the conceptual material employed in writing history is that of the period in which a history is written. There is no material available for leading principles and hypotheses save that of the historic present. As culture changes, the conceptions that are dominant in a culture change. Of necessity new standpoints for viewing, appraising and ordering data arise. History is then rewritten.The problem referred to in this passage is well known both from the literature on the (...) subject and the practice of historiography: historical works get old, the development of science—particularly of historical science—determines a new approach to old problems, and, consequently, history is rewritten in a different way. The fact is incontestable. But how should it be interpreted? Why is it so? (shrink)

“Facts are not really like fish on a fishmonger's slab. They are like fish swimming in a huge and sometimes inaccessible ocean; what the historian catches will depend partly on chance, but principally on the part of the ocean which he has chosen to fish in, and also on the bait he is using.These two factors are, of course, determined by the sort of fish he intends to fish for. In general, the historian will find the sort of facts he (...) wishes to find.”E. H. Carr, What is History?Our reflections on the objectivity of historical truth will quite naturally begin with the historical fact. It may perhaps be only because we are thinking in a general way—and with justification in a sense—that the divergences amongst historians appear only from the moment when they approach the interpretation of facts; for their structure—if one allows a certain level of knowledge and technique in research—is identical. This being established, it is not necessary to go as far as Ranke's school and ask that the task of the historian limit itself to the presentation of pure facts, without interpretation or commentary; it will be sufficient to state that when we use the term fact in a scientific or historical context, we are expressing ourselves in an unequivocal manner; and that consequently, when someone has established, in a competent way, a historical fact, he has established it for all who are concerned; historical facts as products as well as the work of research carried out to establish them are not, then, influenced by subjective factor in the process of acquiring knowledge, taken in the particular as well as in the social sense. (shrink)

One of the more interesting theoretical problems is why history is being constantly re-written. After all it is a notorious fact that everything of historical consequence is not only variously viewed by those living at the time, depending on their social background, convictions, etc., but is also subject to different constructions in different ages. This applies to the vision and interpretation of events and people alike; and especially of great people.

Both in the case of colloquial language and in the case of specialized scientific language we always have to face the essential issue : what must we do in order not to be misled by an incorrect use of language? When we refer in general to being misled by some use of language we have two cases in mind: primo, when the language in question wrongly performs its communicative function so that the speaker is unable to convey his ideas to (...) the listener, and, secundo, when the language by means of which we think imposes on us, through its structure and forms fixed by tradition (in the case of natural languages), incorrect ideas about reality (cf. the issues of hypostases). The causes of such and similar difficulties are varied. These difficulties, among other things, suggest the idea that language is not only an instrument, but also an object of research, an idea which induced twentieth century philosophers to engage in the study of language in its ontological, gnosiological, and methodological aspects. The method of semantic analysis, understood as a method of analysis of meanings of words, is directed precisely against these shortcomings of language. That method is meant to prevent semantic and logical errors that encumber the process of thinking with difficulties and hamper communication both with others and with oneself. Among other causes, these errors are due to the ambiguity and vagueness of words. (shrink)

Alienation of the individual in relation to his own ”I” can occur either when the man loses the feeling of identity with himself, approaching his own person as the object of observations and evaluations, which is outside his consciousness; or, when keeping the feeling of self-identity, he negatively evaluates his own activity and possibilities in relation to the personal pattern he has and aprroves of; or, when he treats his own gifts and behaviours as things-goods falling under the rules of (...) economy of goods.Self-alienation occurs not in relation to the „human nature”, since it does not — in the author’s opinion — exist, but in relation to the „ideal model” of human personality, historically created and socially internalized. Looking for connections between self-alienation understood in this way and self-alienation in the sense of a loss of self-identity in connection with a mental disease» the author proclaims himself îclfavour of E. Fromm’s view, that every neurosis is a function of alienation.Finally an answer to the question, where alienation comes from, if it is not a plainly morbid phenomenon, is searched for. On the basis of E. Fromm’s and V. Frankl’s statements the second part of the article analysing the alienation of the individual in relation to his own life stresses, that the feeling of losing the sense of life, considered here mainly as the aim of human activity, and the feeling of existential void” causes this alienation. The author of the article states, that although Frankl’s logotherapeutic suggestions are effective with respect to individuals, they are found wanting, when similar social „illnesses” are concerned. (shrink)

5 ERSTER TEIL Forschungsprobleme der Semantik 1. Sprachwissenschaft 10 11. Logik 27 III. Die semantische Philosophie 55 1. Die sogenannte «Wende der Philosophi- die Sprache als einziger Gegenstand der Forschung 60 2. Die Sprache als Schöpfung der arbiträren Konvention 75 IV. Die allgemeine Semantik (General Semantics) 88 ZWEITER TEIL Ausgewählte Kategorien der Semantik 1. Der philosophische Aspekt des Kommunikationsprozesses 108 1. Das Wesen des Problems der Kommunikation 112 2. Der Streit der transzendentalen mit der naturalistischen Konzeption 123 3. Grundlagen einer (...) marxistischen Betrachtung des Problems 131 11. Das Zeichen -Analyse und Typologie 145 1. Der Kommunikationsprozeß als Ausgangspunkt bei der Analyse des Zeichens 145 2. Die Zeichentypologie von Husserl 152 3. Die Definition des Zeichens 162 4. Allgemeine Grundlagen der Zeichentypologie 164 5. Die Spezifik der Wortzeichen 180 III. Die Bedeutungen von «Bedeutung» 196 1. über die Zeichensituation 199 2. Die Bedeutung als realer oder ideeller Gegenstand 210 3. Die Bedeutung als eine Beziehung (1) 226 4. Die Bedeutung als eine Beziehung (2) 241 5. Die linguistische Auffassung des Problems der Bedeutung 276 IV. Die kommunikative Funktion der Sprache 285 1. Sprache und «Sprachen» 286 2. Sprache und Wirklichkeit 294 3. Die Sprache und die effektive Verständigung 321 Nachwort zur deutschen Ausgabe von Georg Klaus 334 über den Verfasser 341 Anhang Fremdsprachige Zitate in Originalfassung 344 Bibliographie 358 Personenregister 374 Vorwort Das Vorwort des Verfassers entspringt oft der Konvention und stellt dann ein Zugeständnis dem überlieferten Brauch gegenüber dar. (shrink)