The term iceberg is a partial calque from the Dutch ijsberg, meaning "ice mountain."[1]An iceberg is a large mass of freshwater ice that has broken off from the seaward edge of a glacier or ice shelf and is floating freely in open ocean waters, typically in polar regions such as the Arctic and Antarctic.[2][3] Composed primarily of compacted snow transformed into dense glacierice, icebergs are less dense than seawater, causing approximately 90% of their volume to remain submerged below the surface, with only a small fraction visible above water.[4] This buoyancy results from the density difference between ice (around 917 kg/m³) and seawater (approximately 1025 kg/m³), making icebergs a deceptive hazard as their full extent is largely hidden.[4]Icebergs form through calving, a process where tensile stresses cause large chunks of ice to detach from the glacier front or ice shelf edge, often triggered by tidal forces, waves, or