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How to cite Amber

When citing AmberTools, please use the following:

D.A. Case, H.M. Aktulga, K. Belfon, D.S. Cerutti, G.A. Cisneros, V.W.D. Cruz eiro, N. Forouzesh, T.J. Giese, A.W. Götz, H. Gohlke, S. Izadi, K. Kasavajhala, M.C. Kaymak, E. King, T. Kurtzman, T.-S. Lee, P. Li, J. Liu, T. Luchko, R. Luo, M. Manathunga, M.R. Machado, H.M. Nguyen, K.A. O’Hearn, A.V. Onufriev, F. Pan, S. Pantano, R. Qi, A. Rahnamoun, A. Risheh, S. Schott-Verdugo, A. Shajan, J. Swails, J. Wang, H. Wei, X. Wu, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, S. Zhao, Q. Zhu, T.E. Cheatham III, D.R. Roe, A. Roitberg, C. Simmerling, D.M. York, M.C. Nagan, and K.M. Merz Jr. AmberTools. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 63, 6183-6191 (2023).

When citing Amber, please use this:

D.A. Case, D.S. Cerutti, V.W.D. Cruzeiro, T.A. Darden, R.E. Duke, M. Ghazimirsaeed, G.M. Giambasu, T.J. Giese, A.W. Götz, J.A. Harris, K. Kasavajhala, T. Lee, Z. Li, C. Lin, J. Liu, Y. Miao, R. Salomon-Ferrrer, J. Shen, R. Snyder, J. Swails, R.C. Walker, J. Wang, X. Wu, J. Zeng, T.E. Cheatham, III, D.R. Roe, A. Roitberg, C. Simmerling, D.M. York, M.C. Nagan, and K.M. Merz, Jr. Recent Developments in Amber Biomolecular Simulations. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 65, 7835-7843 (2025).

Also, please visit the contributors page for more complete information about who has done what over the years.

An overview of the Amber protein force fields, and how they were developed, can be found in:
J.W. Ponder and D.A. Case. (2003) "Force fields for protein simulations." Adv. Prot. Chem. 66, 27-85. (PDF)

Details on the ff14SB and ff19SB protein force fields are here:
C.Tian, K. Kasavajhala, K. A. A. Belfon, L. Raguette, H. Huang, A. N. Migues J. Bickel, Y. Wang, J. Pincay, Q. Wu and C. Simmerling. (2019) "ff19SB: Amino-Acid-Specific Protein Backbone Paramters Trained against Quantum Mechanics Energy Surfaces in Solution." J. Chem. Theory Comput.16, 528-552. (link)

J.A. Maier, C. Martinez, K. Kasavajhala, L. Wickstrom, K.E. Hauser and C. Simmerling. (2015) "ff14SB: Improving the accuracy of protein side chain and backbone parameters from ff99SB." J. Chem. Theory Comput. 11, 3696-3713. (link)

Similar information for nucleic acids is given by:
T.E. Cheatham, III and D.A. Case. (2013) "Twenty-five years of nucleic acid simulations." Biopolymers, 99, 969-977. (link)

For information on the GPU-accelerated code, please see:
A.W. Goetz, M.J. Williamson, D. Xu, D. Poole, S. Le Grand, and R.C. Walker. (2012) "Routine microsecond molecular dynamics simulations with AMBER on GPUs. 1. Generalized Born." J. Chem. Theory Comput. 8, 1542-1555. (link)
R. Salomon-Ferrer, A.W. Goetz, D. Poole; S. Le Grand, and R.C. Walker. (2013) "Routine microsecond molecular dynamics simulations with AMBER on GPUs. 2. Explicit solvent Particle Mesh Ewald." J. Chem. Theory Comput. 9, 3878-3888. (link)

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