| Root Zone LGR for script: Hebrew (Hebr) | rz-lgr-6-hebrew-script-23sep25-en |
|---|
This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
| Date | 2025-09-23 |
|---|---|
| LGR Version | 6 (Root Zone LGR for the Hebrew Script) |
| Language | und-Hebr (Hebrew Script) |
| Scope | domain: "." (Root) |
| Unicode Version | 16.0.0 |
Description
Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Hebrew Script
Overview
This file contains a set of Label Generation Rules (LGR) for the Hebrew script for the Root Zone. For more details on this LGR and additional background on the script, see “Proposal for a Hebrew Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, Version 1.3 [Proposal-Hebrew]. This file is one of a set of LGR files that together form an integrated LGR for the DNS Root Zone [RZ-LGR-6]. The format of this file follows [RFC 7940].
Repertoire
According to Section 5, “Repertoire” in [Proposal-Hebrew], the Hebrew LGR contains 27 single code points, 5 of which are variants (final forms) of 5 others. The repertoire supports the Hebrew and Yiddish languages with restrictions appropriate for domain names.
The Hebrew script is written from right to left. More details can be found in Section 3, “Background About the Script and Languages Using it” in [Proposal-Hebrew].
The repertoire is contained in [MSR-6], which is a subset of [Unicode 16.0.0].
As part of the Root Zone, this LGR includes neither decimal digits nor the HYPHEN-MINUS.
Repertoire Listing: Each code point or range is tagged with the script or scripts with which the code point is used. For each repertoire element, one or more references document sufficient justification for inclusion in the repertoire; see the “References” below. Comments provide additional information for some code points.
Code points outside the Hebrew script repertoire that are listed in this file are targets for out-of-repertoire variants and are identified by a reflexive (identity) variant of type “out-of-repertoire-var”. They do not form part of the repertoire.
Variants
According to Section 6, “Variants”, in [Proposal-Hebrew], this LGR defines five in-script variants, which are final forms of five in-script letters.
Additional Variants: This LGR inherits additional blocked cross-script variants by integration; they may not be listed here unless they result in in-script variants. However, for consistency, the variant mappings to ASCII code points are listed in full. See the merged, Common LGR [RZ-LGR-6] for details of all applicable cross-script variants, including any not listed here; always use the Common LGR for determining cross-script collisions of labels.
Variant Disposition: All variants are of type “blocked”, making labels that differ only by these variants mutually exclusive: whichever label containing either of these variants is chosen earlier would be delegated, while any other equivalent labels should be blocked. There is no preference among these labels.
This LGR does not define allocatable variants.
The specification of variants in the Root Zone LGR follows the guidelines in [RFC 8228].
Character Classes
The LGR does not define character classes.
Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) and Context Rules
Default Whole Label Evaluation Rules and Actions
The LGR includes the set of required default WLE rules and actions applicable to the Root Zone and defined in [MSR-6]. They are marked with ⍟. The actions compute a label disposition based on WLE rules or variant mapping types.
Hebrew-specific Rules
According to Section 7, “Whole Label Evaluation (WLE) Rules” in [Proposal-Hebrew], the LGR does not define rules specific to the Hebrew script.
Methodology and Contributors
The Root Zone LGR for the Hebrew Script was developed by the Hebrew Generation Panel. For details on methodology and contributors, see Sections 4 and 8 in [Proposal-Hebrew], as well as [RZ-LGR-6-Overview].
[IL-IDN] was consulted during the work on this LGR.
Changes from RZ LGR-4
As result of integration with additional scripts, this LGR has been updated. This update does not change the set of labels available under this LGR. For the prior version see [RZ-LGR-4-Hebr]. For consistency across RZ-LGRs, imposed variants to ASCII code points, but not to other scripts, are now explicitly listed. Additional cross-script variants for this script exist and are defined in [RZ-LGR-6].
.References
The following general references are cited in this document:
- [MSR-6]
- Integration Panel, “Maximal Starting Repertoire — MSR-6 Overview and Rationale”, 23 September 2025,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/msr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf - [Proposal-Hebrew]
- Hebrew Generation Panel, “Proposal for a Hebrew Script Root Zone Label Generation Ruleset (LGR)”, Version 1.3, 24 April 2019,
https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/proposal-hebrew-lgr-24apr19-en.pdf - [RFC 7940]
- Davies, K. and A. Freytag, “Representing Label Generation Rulesets Using XML”,
RFC 7940, August 2016,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7940 - [RFC 8228]
- A. Freytag, “Guidance on Designing Label Generation Rulesets (LGRs) Supporting Variant Labels”, RFC 8228, August 2017,
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8228 - [RZ-LGR-6-Overview]
- Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ LGR-6): Overview and Summary”, 23 September 2025,
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-overview-23sep25-en.pdf - [RZ-LGR-6]
- Integration Panel, “Root Zone Label Generation Rules (RZ-LGR-6)”, 23 September 2025 (XML),
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/rz-lgr-6-common-23sep25-en.html - [RZ-LGR-4-Hebr]
- ICANN, Root Zone Label Generation Rules for the Hebrew Script (und-Hebr), Version 4, 5 November 2020 (XML)
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-hebrew-script-05nov20-en.xml
non-normative HTML presentation:
https://www.icann.org/sites/default/files/lgr/lgr-4-hebrew-script-05nov20-en.html - [Unicode 16.0.0]
-
The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0, (South San Francisco: The Unicode Consortium, 2024. ISBN 978-1-936213-34-4)
https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/ - [IL-IDN]
- Hebrew IDN Table for .IL
https://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables/tables/il_he_1.0.html
For references consulted, particularly in designing the repertoire for the Hebrew script for the Root Zone, please see details in the Table of References below. Reference [0] refers to the Unicode Standard version in which the corresponding code points were initially encoded. Reference [101] corresponds to a source given in [Proposal-Hebrew] justifying the inclusion of the corresponding code points. Entries in the table may have multiple source reference values.
Repertoire
Repertoire Summary
| Number of elements in repertoire | 27 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Out-of-repertoire variants | 2 | ||||
| Total entries in table | 29 | ||||
| Number of code points for each script |
|
||||
| Longest code point sequence | 1 |
Repertoire by Code Point
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
For any code point or sequence for which a variant is defined, additional information is provided in the Variants column. Some code points or sequences listed in the following table are not part of the repertoire itself; they document targets for out-of-repertoire variant mappings as indicated. See also the legend provided below the table.
| Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Part of Repertoire |
Variants | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U+0069 | i | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | [0] | ✗ | set 1 | Not part of repertoire |
| U+006F | o | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | [0] | ✗ | set 2 | Not part of repertoire |
| U+05D0 | א | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER ALEF | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D1 | ב | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER BET | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D2 | ג | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER GIMEL | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D3 | ד | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER DALET | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D4 | ה | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER HE | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D5 | ו | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER VAV | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 1 | |
| U+05D6 | ז | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER ZAYIN | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D7 | ח | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER HET | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D8 | ט | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER TET | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05D9 | י | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER YOD | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05DA | ך | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER FINAL KAF | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 3 | Final form |
| U+05DB | כ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER KAF | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 3 | Nominal form |
| U+05DC | ל | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER LAMED | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05DD | ם | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER FINAL MEM | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 4 | Final form |
| U+05DE | מ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER MEM | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 4 | Nominal form |
| U+05DF | ן | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER FINAL NUN | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 5 | Final form |
| U+05E0 | נ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER NUN | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 5 | Nominal form |
| U+05E1 | ס | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER SAMEKH | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 2 | |
| U+05E2 | ע | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER AYIN | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05E3 | ף | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER FINAL PE | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 6 | Final form |
| U+05E4 | פ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER PE | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 6 | Nominal form |
| U+05E5 | ץ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADI | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 7 | Final form |
| U+05E6 | צ | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER TSADI | [0], [101] | ✔ | set 7 | Nominal form |
| U+05E7 | ק | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER QOF | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05E8 | ר | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER RESH | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05E9 | ש | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER SHIN | [0], [101] | ✔ | ||
| U+05EA | ת | Hebrew | HEBREW LETTER TAV | [0], [101] | ✔ |
Legend
- Code Point
- A code point or code point sequence.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- Script
- Shows the script property value from the Unicode Character Database. Combining marks may have the value Inherited and code points used with more than one script may have the value Common.
- Name
- Shows the character or sequence name from the Unicode Character Database.
- Ref
- Links to the references associated with the code point or sequence, if any.
- Variants
- Link to the variant set the code point or sequence is a member of, except where a coded point or sequence maps only to itself, in which case the type of that mapping is listed.
- Comment
- The comment as given in the XML file. However, if the comment for this row consists only of the code point or sequence name, it is suppressed in this view. By convention, comments starting with “=” denote an alias. If present, the symbol ⍟ marks a default item shared among a set of LGRs.
- ✔ - core repertoire
- A check mark in the Part-of-repertoire column indicates a code point is part of the core repertoire.
- ✗ - out-of-repertoire
- A code point shown with ✗ is not part of the repertoire. It is listed only because it is the target of an out-of-repertoire-var variant mapping.
Variants
Variant Set Summary
| Number of variant sets | 7 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Largest variant set | 2 | ||
| Ordinary Variants by Type |
|
||
| Reflexive Variants by Type |
|
Variant Sets
The following tables list all variant sets defined in this LGR, except for singleton sets. Each table lists all variant mapping pairs of the set; one per row. Mappings are assumed to be symmetric: each row documents both forward (→) and reverse (←) mapping directions. In each table, the mappings are sorted by Source value in ascending code point order; shading is used to group mappings from the same source code point or sequence.
Where the type of both forward and reverse mappings are the same, a single value is given in the Type column; otherwise the types for forward and reverse mappings, as well as comments and references, are listed above one another. For summary counts, both forward and reverse mappings are always counted separately.
A mapping where source and target are the same is reflexive. Variant sets consisting of only a single reflexive mapping are not shown as a set. Instead, the variant type of the mapping is listed in the Variants column of the Repertoire by Code Point table. Reflexive mappings that are part of a larger set are indicated with a “≡” and are counted once per entry.
In any LGR with variant specifications that are well behaved, all members within each variant set are defined as variants of each other; the mappings in each set are symmetric and transitive; and all variant sets are disjoint.
Common Legend
- Source
- By convention, the smaller of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Target
- By convention, the larger of the two code points in a variant mapping pair.
- Glyph
- The shape displayed for source or target depends on the fonts available to your browser.
- → - forward
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the mapping from source to target.
- ← - reverse
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to the reverse mapping from target to source.
- ↔ - both
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment apply to both forward and reverse mapping.
- ≡ - reflexive
- Indicates that Type, Ref and Comment are for a reflexive mapping where source equals target.
- Type
- The type of the variant mapping, including predefined variant types such as “allocatable” and “blocked”; or any that are defined specifically for this LGR. A reflexive variant type “out-of-repertoire-var” designates the target as not part of the repertoire; it is required as target for one or more variant mappings that cross repertoire boundaries. In this LGR, types for variant mappings between out-of-repertoire code points are shown in italic while types for pure in-repertoire variant mappings are shown in bold.
- Ref
- One or more reference IDs (optional). A “/” separates references for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
- Comment
- A descriptive comment (optional). A “/” separates comments for reverse / forward mappings, if different.
Variant Set 1 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0069 | i | 0069 | i | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire | |
| 0069 | i | 05D5 | ו | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script near homoglyph |
Variant Set 2 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 006F | o | 006F | o | ≡ | out-of-repertoire-var | Out-of-repertoire | |
| 006F | o | 05E1 | ס | ↔ | blocked | Cross-script near homoglyph |
Variant Set 3 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05DA | ך | 05DB | כ | ↔ | blocked | Final form variant / Nominal form variant |
Variant Set 4 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05DD | ם | 05DE | מ | ↔ | blocked | Final form variant / Nominal form variant |
Variant Set 5 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05DF | ן | 05E0 | נ | ↔ | blocked | Final form variant / Nominal form variant |
Variant Set 6 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05E3 | ף | 05E4 | פ | ↔ | blocked | Final form variant / Nominal form variant |
Variant Set 7 — 2 Members
| Source | Glyph | Target | Glyph | Type | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 05E5 | ץ | 05E6 | צ | ↔ | blocked | Final form variant / Nominal form variant |
Classes, Rules and Actions
Character Classes
| Implicit defined by script tag | 2 |
|---|
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
| Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| implicit | Tag=sc:Hebr | 27 | {05D0-05EA} | Any character tagged as Hebrew | |
| implicit | Tag=sc:Latn | 2 | {0069 006F} | Any character tagged as Latin |
Legend
- Members or Ranges
- Lists the members of the class as code points (xxx) or as ranges of code points (xxx-yyy). Any class too numerous to list in full is elided with "...".
- Tag=ttt
- A named or implicit class defined by all code points that share the given tag value (ttt).
- Implicit
- An anonymous class implicitly defined based on tag value and for which there is no named equivalent.
Whole Label Evaluation and Context Rules
| Number of rules | 1 |
|---|---|
| Used to trigger actions | 1 |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
| Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| leading-combining-mark | (start)[∅=[[\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [\p{gc=Mc}]]] |
✔ | Default WLE rule matching labels with leading combining marks ⍟ |
Legend
- Used as Trigger
- This rule triggers one of the actions listed below.
- Used as Context
- This rule defines a required or prohibited context for a code point C or variant V.
- Anchor
- This rule has a placeholder for the code point for which it is evaluated.
- Regular Expression
- A regular expression equivalent to the rule, shown in a modified notation as noted:
- start or end
- (start) matches the start of the label; (end) matches the end of the label.
- [\p{ }] - property
- Set of all characters matching a given value for a Unicode property [\p{prop=val}]. Note: uppercase “\P” defines the complement of a property set.
- ∪, ∩, ∖, ∆ - set operators
- Sets may be combined by set operators (∪ = union, ∩ = intersection, ∖ = difference, ∆ = symmetric difference).
- ∅= - empty set
- Indicates that the following set is empty because of the result of set operations, or because none of its elements is part of the repertoire defined here. A rule with a non-optional empty set never matches.
- ⍟ - default rule
- Rules marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Actions
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
| # | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | labels with leading combining marks are invalid ⍟ | |
| 2 | if at least one variant is in | {out-of-repertoire-var} | → | invalid | any variant label with a code point out of repertoire is invalid ⍟ | |
| 3 | if at least one variant is in | {blocked} | → | blocked | any variant label containing blocked variants is blocked ⍟ | |
| 4 | if each variant is in | {allocatable} | → | allocatable | variant labels with all variants allocatable are allocatable ⍟ | |
| 5 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all (default action) ⍟ |
Legend
- {...} - variant type set
- In the “Rule/Variant Set” column, the notation {...} means a set of variant types.
- ⍟ - default action
- Actions marked with ⍟ are included by default and may or may not be triggered by any possible label under this LGR.
Note: The following variant types are used in one or more actions, but are not defined in this LGR: allocatable. This is not necessarily an error.
Table of References
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR. For General references refer to the References section in the Description.
| [0] | The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1 Any code point originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
| [101] | Omniglot, Hebrew (עברית) https://omniglot.com/writing/hebrew.htm |