Merging or Concatenating Two Dictionaries in Python

Last Updated : 1 Nov, 2025

Given two dictionaries, the task is to merge them into a single dictionary that contains all key-value pairs. For example:

Input: d1 = {'x': 1, 'y': 2} and d2 = {'y': 3, 'z': 4}
Output: {'x': 1, 'y': 3, 'z': 4}

Here, both dictionaries are combined. If the same key exists in both, the value from the second dictionary replaces the value from the first. Let’s explore different methods to merge or concatenate two dictionaries in Python.

Using | Operator (Python 3.9+)

| operator introduced in Python 3.9 can be used to merge dictionaries. It creates a new dictionary without modifying the original dictionary.

Python 
d1 = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
d2 = {'y': 3, 'z': 4}

d3 = d1 | d2
print(d3)

Output:

{'x': 1, 'y': 3, 'z': 4}

Explanation:

  • | operator combines d1 and d2 into d1 new dictionary d3.
  • Duplicate keys are handled by keeping the value from the dictionary on the right (d2).

Using Dictionary Unpacking (**)

Dictionary unpacking allows us to merge dictionaries into a new one.

Python 
d1 = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
d2 = {'y': 3, 'z': 4}

d3 = {**d1, **d2}
print(d3)

Output
{'x': 1, 'y': 3, 'z': 4}

Explanation:

  • **d1 and **d2 unpack the key-value pairs of d1 and d2 into the new dictionary d3.
  • Keys from d2 overwrite duplicates from d1.

Using update()

update() method can be used to merge dictionaries. It modifies one dictionary by adding or updating key-value pairs from another.

Python 
d1 = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
d2 = {'y': 3, 'z': 4}
d1.update(d2)
print(d1)

Output
{'x': 1, 'y': 3, 'z': 4}

Explanation:

  • d1.update(d2) adds all key-value pairs from d2 to d1.
  • If a key exists in both d1 and d2 (e.g., 'y'), the value from d2 (3) replaces the value in d1 (2).

Note: This method modifies the original dictionary (d1).

Using Loop

We can use a loop (for loop) to merge dictionaries.

Python 
d1 = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
d2 = {'y': 3, 'z': 4}

d3 = d1.copy()
for key, value in d2.items():
    d3[key] = value

print(d3)

Output
{'x': 1, 'y': 3, 'z': 4}

Explanation:

  • d1.copy() creates a shallow copy of d1 to preserve the original dictionary.
  • for loop iterates through each key-value pair in d2 and adds or updates it in d3.
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