Occupational Health Nursing (OHN) has followed a complex path to build and strengthen its theoretical basis. Starting with Public Health core principles, theories were shaped by the dualism of person worker and working environment, where sometimes the centre of the thought was given to the latter and other times to the former. The problem was not much on such conflict but on the definition of the correct OHN focus and whether genuine nursing knowledge was being applied. We are worried that (...) other disciplines radically influenced the theoretical path taken by OHN theorists. To approach this problem, a unitary‐transformative perspective can help us describe and analyse this phenomenon and engage scholars to reflect upon the accurate epistemological focus of OHN. We aimed to deepen this reflection and uncover a new OHN theoretical focus. (shrink)

Anna Stilz’s Territorial Sovereignty (2019) aims to be a revisionist account of territorial rights that puts the value of individual autonomy first, without giving up the value of collective self-determination. In what follows I examine Stilz’s definition of occupancy rights and her emphasis on the moral relevance of what she calls ‘located’ life plans. I suggest that, if it aims at being truly revisionist, her theory should work with a broader definition of occupancy. So long as it doesn’t, these rights (...) will be mainly the preserve of groups of settlers and peoples with predictable patterns of movement. Moreover, insofar as occupancy rights ground collective rights to self-determination, they actually have the potential to trump individual rights to what I call ‘dynamic’ or non-located occupancy. This is worrying, I claim, for at least two reasons. First, rights to dynamic occupancy are arguably as central for respecting individual autonomy as rights to located occupancy. And second, rights to dynamic ocupancy should be seen as key in helping to form the kind of political allegiances required to overcome the most pressing collective action problems that humanity faces. (shrink)

Abstract Occupational stress in nursing has attracted considerable attention as a focus for research and as a consequence multiple objects of nurses' stress, or 'stressors', have been identified. This paper puts into question the dominant conceptual and methodological approach to occupational stress in nursing research by both foregrounding the notion of anxiety and juxtaposing it with the notion of 'stress'. It is argued that the notion of 'stress' and the domination of the questionnaire have produced a narrow reading of the (...) topic. Some of the literature on occupational stress/anxiety in nursing is reviewed and our analysis illustrates how the identified objects of stress have a tendency to multiply contingent on the number of studies undertaken. Thus definitive objects of nurses' stress remain elusive. We argue that a return to the notion of 'anxiety' and methodological approaches other than empirical ones can bring both depth and breadth to the consideration of occupational distress in nursing. Further, we argue that the object of 'anxiety' is unconscious, thus unknown, and given this, a more informative approach is to map nurses' response to anxiety, the discursive formations arising out of anxiety, rather than attempt to define those objects of anxiety. (shrink)

Available reports provide an account of academic staff’s poor job performance in higher education institutions and universities in particular. Consequently, a growing body of research has been attracted to this area, including those seeking ways to understand the problem and others aimed at proffering solutions. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the influence of occupational stress on the job performance of academic staff in universities. Three null hypotheses directed the study in line with the quantitative ex-post facto research (...) design. A sample of 150 respondents was obtained using the systematic random sampling technique from a population of 400 lecturers in the Faculty of Education from two public universities in Nigeria. A 31-item questionnaire was used for data collection. The null hypotheses were tested at the.05 alpha level using simple linear regression analysis. It was revealed that remuneration is a significant positive predictor of academic staff job performance. The prediction of workload was negatively non-significant on the job performance of academics. The provision of institutional amenities has a positive but non-significant prediction on academic staff job performance in the two public universities. It was concluded that occupational stress significantly influences the job performance of lecturers in universities. The study recommended that the government constantly pay lecturers’ salaries as and when due. Institutional managers should reward lecturers with outstanding performance to boost their morale for effective service delivery. (shrink)

Occupational therapy (OT) is defined as “therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life (such as self-care skills, education, work, or social interaction), especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities despite impairments or limitations in physical or mental functioning” (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

This study explored in what way and to what extent people's occupational position corresponds with the consumption of news and the exposure to political content offered by the traditional mass media TV, radio, and newspaper, using survey data (N = 825). The influence of occupational position in general and perceived amount of public social capital (or: social network) on especially consumption of news as well as the exposure to political media content, was evident. Findings are in line with the central (...) assumptions on ‘audience activity’ of audience-centered models in communication research in general and the ‘media use as social action’ approach especially (cf. Renckstorf and Wester, 2001, 2004). The subjectively perceived social context, indicated by occupational position as well as the subjectively held structure of relevancies is a central predictor of media use. (shrink)

In this paper we have two aims. On the one hand, we delimitate the conceptual interconnection between Occupational Approach (OA) and experimentalism in John Dewey’s educational theory, and on the other we point out the scope of OA in other areas of Deweyan philosophy, particularly in political and moral reflection. We divide the essay into five. In sections 2 to 4, we defend that Dewey’s conception of Learning by Doing could be interpreted as a vague and pretty obvious idea if (...) we don’t analyze it with the notion of occupations as giving an intersubjective learning context. In section 5, we point out the moral and political implications (along with the epistemological ones) of occupations in Dewey’s view. Finally, we draw some conclusions. (shrink)

Taking its point of departure from a thread of references to Palestine in Derrida's writings, from Glas to his last texts, this essay seeks to demonstrate that these writings can be a resource for us as we navigate our way through the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It traces Derrida's complicated relation to his own Jewishness and argues that it is this complexity that enables him to guide us through the thicket of the present war in Gaza. My title, ‘No Occupation’, (...) aims to evoke not only the slogan of the anti-war movement against Israel's occupation of Gaza and the West Bank – and Derrida's relation to this movement – but also Israel's 2023 campaign to declare that there is ‘no occupation’. The instrumentalisation of the phrase ‘no occupation’ in different directions permits me to exploit this conflicting resonance, moving one use against another. (shrink)

Children’s early science interest begins well before middle school, and parents can be important in generating and sustaining such interest. This qualitative study addresses how parental occupations shape physical scientists’ early science interest. Our framework uses Social Cognitive Career Theory, and our research question is, “How do parental occupations create learning opportunities for children and motivate them to pursue physical science?” We examine interviews from 17 physical scientists in Project Crossover, a sequential mixed-methods study that broadly examines factors influencing entry (...) into physics and chemistry doctoral programs. Parental occupations can create learning opportunities through role modeling, encouragement, exposure, familiarity, and bonding. Thus, parents can be valuable in creating learning opportunities for children outside classrooms. Study limitations include a small sample and lack of information about familial structure. Our research contributes to the emergent understanding of the role of parental occupations in science interest, which further influences individual career trajectories. (shrink)

As regards the question of what matters in survival two views have been identified: on the one hand, we have the view that what matters is identity (the so-called?commonsense view?) and, on the other hand, we have the view that what matters is the holding of certain psychological connections between various mental states over time (the relation R). Several attempts have tried to reconcile these two views involving the so-called?multiple occupancy view? or?cohabitation thesis?. Even if the latter comes in several (...) formulations, common elements are, positing the appropriateness of a description of the fission case according to which the post-fission persons existed prior to fission and also, that what determines that two persons who exist at a certain time are distinct can be facts about what is the case at other times. The paper discusses three of the most influential formulations of the multiple occupancy view, which intend to reconcile identity with what matters, and argues that for various reasons these at least do not work in this regard. (shrink)

G. A. Cohen proposes to eradicate inequality without loss of efficiency or freedom by relying on an egalitarian ethos requiring us to undertake socially useful occupations we would rather not take, and work hard at them, without requesting differential incentive payments. Since the ethos is not legally enforced, Cohen denies it threatens our occupational freedom. Drawing on the work of Joseph Raz, the paper argues that Cohen's proposal threatens our occupational autonomy even if it leaves our legal freedom intact. It (...) also proposes a revised ethos which respects occupational autonomy. (shrink)

In 1987, Machan provided a libertarian case against the right to occupational safety. Since before Machan’s essay appeared, many business ethicists and legal scholars have given considerable attention to the overall position Machan endorses: the acceptance of employment at will and the rejection of employee rights. No one yet has given adequate attention, however, to the fact that Machan’s argument against the right to occupational safety actually stands or falls independently of his overall position on employee rights. His argument ultimately (...) rests on two values: the promotion of employee interests and anti-paternalism. Insofar as those who support the right to occupational safety share those values, they must find a strategy for opposing Machan’s argument that preserves those values. In this paper, I demonstrate why Machan’s argument ultimately rests on the promotion of employee interests and anti-paternalism. Then, I develop an objection to Machan’s argument that preserves those values. (shrink)

Industrial wind turbines (IWTs) are being installed at a fast pace globally. Researchers, medical practitioners, and media have reported adverse health effects resulting from living in the environs of IWTs. While there have been some anecdotal reports from technicians and other workers who work in the environs of IWTs, little is known about the occupational health sector. The purpose of this case study is to raise awareness about the potential for adverse health effects occurring among workers. The authors propose that (...) there is a need for research regarding occupational worker exposure relating to IWTs. (shrink)

This study examines how occupational sex segregation affects women’s and men’s perceptions of the availability of workplace support. Drawing on theories of gender and empirical studies of workplace tokenism, the author develops the concept of an occupational minority. Although the notion of tokenism was developed to describe processes at the level of the workplace, the author explores how being a minority at the occupational level affects workers. Using nationally representative data, she finds that in mixed-sex occupations, women report higher levels (...) of workplace support than men; in male-dominated occupations, they perceive relatively low levels of support. Men, by contrast, perceive relatively high levels of workplace support in female-dominated occupations. That is, being a member of a numerical minority in one’s occupation is an advantage for men and a disadvantage for women. (shrink)

There is more than one way in which objects can occupy locations. Whether the locations are places, times, or spacetime regions obviously makes a difference, but even within a single type of location there are different modes of occupation. Whereas a continuant such as a chair occupies each time at which it exists _intensively_, as a whole, an occurrent such as a football game occupies its time _extensively_: it is spread out over the time at which it occurs, with (...) different temporal parts occurring at the different times. Both continuants and occurrents occupy space extensively, but types or universals occupy space intensively. There may further be items which are extensive occupants, spread out, but not in virtue of their parts. Order may be brought into this apparent chaos by considering a number of equivalence relations and their invariants, over a basis of extensive occupants of spacetime regions. (shrink)

What, if anything, is problematic about gentrification? This article addresses this question from the perspective of normative political theory. We argue that gentrification is problematic insofar as it involves a violation of city-dwellers’ occupancy rights. We distinguish these rights from other forms of territorial rights and discuss the different implications of the argument for urban governance. If we agree on the ultimate importance of being able to pursue one’s located life plans, the argument goes, we must also agree on limiting (...) the impact of gentrification on peoples’ lives. Limiting gentrification’s impact, however, does not entail halting processes of gentrification once and for all. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is embedded in higher education through learning analytics, automated assessment, academic integrity systems, and generative tools. While global AI ethics frameworks emphasize fairness, transparency, accountability, privacy, and human oversight, we argue that these principles cannot be applied as if ethical risk were evenly distributed across all educational contexts. Focusing on Palestinian universities, we examine how political restriction, infrastructural fragility, and dependence on externally developed digital platforms intensify vulnerabilities related to algorithmic bias, language and epistemic inequality, data privacy, (...) surveillance, technostress, academic freedom, and professional autonomy. We show that decontextualized ethical universalism is inadequate for higher education systems shaped by precarity and constrained institutional capacity. In response, we propose a contextual ethical AI framework grounded in human primacy, rights-based data governance, linguistic inclusion, transparency, contestability, participatory oversight, and institutional accountability. By centering Palestinian higher education, we advance a justice-oriented approach to ethical AI governance in higher education. (shrink)

Occupational health and safety (OHS), as a fundamental human right, forms the basis of the obligation of employers to employees, requiring employers to do what is right. Responsible management practices encompass cognisance of sustainability, responsibility as well as legal, financial and moral aspects related to OHS compliance. As point of departure, an overview of core OHS criteria for small businesses is provided, with reference to awareness of these criteria in the G20 countries. This article utilises quantitative and qualitative data analysis (...) to examine the reasons why small business owners/managers comply with occupational health and safety directives, such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHS Act) and the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (COIDA) in South Africa, determine if such reasons for compliance culminate in actual compliance, and determine the perceived effect of direct and indirect costs of OHS incidents. A total of 350 small business owners/managers took part in this study. The findings indicate that whilst small business owners/managers realise the rationale behind OHS compliance in terms of moral, legal and financial components, moral aspects related to OHS compliance are deemed most important. Small business owners/managers thus seem to realise the importance of OHS compliance. However, when it comes to adhering to their responsibility in terms of general safety regulations of the OHS Act and registration with the Compensation Fund as specified in the COIDA (as examples of actual compliance), small business owners/managers’ compliance does not reflect such realisation. A model to enhance OHS standards in small businesses, encompassing legal, moral and financial rationales, is proposed. (shrink)

The brand of cosmopolitanism that Cécile Fabre develops in her excellent book, Cosmopolitan Peace, leaves room for qualifying groups to exercise political self‐determination. Important questions thus emerge regarding who is entitled to have a say in the group's self‐determination, questions that take on a heightened practical urgency in the wake of wars that cause massive migration. In this article, I call into question Fabre's contention that the descendants of unjust occupants necessarily acquire occupancy rights which entitle them to a say (...) in the political self‐determination over the territory on which they currently reside. (shrink)

AimWe aim to explore the impact of occupational stress on the quality of life of nurses in infectious disease departments and to explore the mediating role of psychological resilience on this impact.BackgroundSudden public health events and the prevalence of infectious diseases give nurses in infectious disease departments a heavy task load and high occupational stress, which can affect their quality of life, and which is closely related to the quality of clinical care they provide. There are few existing studies on (...) occupational stress, psychological resilience, and the quality of life of nurses in infectious disease departments.MethodsWe collected data from infectious-disease-specialized hospitals or infectious disease departments of general hospitals in China. In total 1,536 nurses completed questionnaires: the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale. We use a structural equation model to test the mediating role of the psychological resilience in the relationship between occupational stress and quality of life.ResultsAmong 1,536 participants, 88.2% experienced an effort-reward imbalance. The average scores for psychological resilience and quality of life were 56.06 and 51.80, respectively. Our results show that occupational stress is negatively correlated with psychological resilience and quality of life. In addition, we find that psychological resilience is positively correlated with quality of life and that the indirect effect of occupational stress on quality of life through psychological resilience is significant, indicating at least a partial mediating role of psychological resilience.ConclusionA high proportion of nurses in infectious disease departments felt that their jobs’ effort-reward imbalance was high. These nurses’ scores for psychological resilience were in the middle level among Chinese people generally, but their quality of life was lower than the Chinese norm. We conclude that occupational stress has an important impact on their quality of life, and psychological resilience plays a partial mediating role on this impact.Implications for Nursing ManagementHospital managers can benefit from paying attention to the occupational stress of nurses and helping to improve the quality of life of nurses by alleviating this occupational stress and improving psychological resilience. (shrink)

In December 2023 nonbinary indigenous playwright Victor I. Cazares posted the following message on their Instagram page: “On this World AIDS day, I am going to stop taking my HIV meds until New York Theatre Workshop calls for a Ceasefire.”1 Cazares thereafter began their protest against the off-Broadway theater organization for remaining silent on the ongoing genocide in Palestine and Israel’s war on Gaza, despite the organization’s putative investments in anti-racism and social justice. In Alex Jung’s article on Cazares, the (...) protest—referred to as a “pill funeral”—continued through day 41 resulting in Cazares’s transition from an earlier undetectable status to a viral load presence in their body since the first... Read More. (shrink)

ArgumentThe Germans occupying Paris arrested Emile Borel and three other members of the Académie des Sciences in October 1941 and released them about five weeks later. Drawing on German and French archives and other sources, we argue that these events illustrate the complexity of the motivations and tactics of the occupiers and the occupied. While Borel and his colleagues were genuine members of the Resistance, and those who arrested them were full participants in a brutal occupation, both sides respected (...) a bargain, of no small importance to the Vichy regime, that allowed the university to pursue its work if its members avoided overt acts of opposition. (shrink)

This study uses an integrated model of resource conservation theory and social learning theory to explore the antecedents of hotel interns’ perceptions of occupational stigma and to explore the mechanisms inherent to retention willingness. This study first manipulated relevant subjects’ experimental materials through a contextual experiment and used a one-way ANOVA to test the effects of competence stereotypes and occupational stereotypes on hotel interns’ stigma perceptions, respectively, and then used partial least squares structural equation modeling as a statistical tool and (...) the SmartPLS 3.0 program to validate the model of hotel interns’ occupational stigma perceptions-intention. The effects of both competence stereotypes and occupational stereotypes on hotel interns’ perceptions of occupational stigma were significant. The results of the partial least squares structural equation model showed that hotel interns’ perceptions of occupational stigma significantly contributed to emotional exhaustion and that emotional exhaustion significantly influenced hotel interns’ retention willingness, hotel interns’ perceptions of occupational stigma had a significant effect on their retention willingness, while the role of emotional exhaustion as a mediating variable and occupational commitment as a moderator. The inner psychological and behavioral linkage mechanisms of hotel interns’ occupational stigma perceptions and their retention willingness under COVID-19 were explored, and the resource dynamics operating mechanism and professional commitment were also confirmed. (shrink)

The law of military occupation, a doctrine developed at a time when war itself was not illegal, became something of an embarrassment after the UN Charter established a broad prohibition on the use of force.

Cybernetic avatars (CAs) are robotic embodiments remotely controlled by human operators, offering new possibilities in telepresence, healthcare, and hazardous environments. We use a data-driven approach to estimate the occupational impact of CAs in the Japanese labor market. Inspired by previous work in labor economics, we used occupational task descriptions and a large number of patents and calculated the overlap between the texts to estimate the occupational impact on the tasks, which are then aggregated into the occupational level as CA exposure (...) scores. (shrink)

The focus of occupational safety is safe and healthy working conditions. Work can expose people to risks such as dangerous substances, radiation, infectious diseases, and accidents. Since 1950 the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the WHO have been running a joint program to promote occupational health in which three important objectives are emphasized such as maintaining and promoting workers’ health and their capacity to work; improving the working environment and making work more conducive to safety and health; and developing work (...) organizations and putting in place working cultures such that they support health and safety at work and promote a positive social climate. (shrink)

Appeals to occupancy rights are central to a number of prominent defenses of territorial sovereignty. Occupancy rights are grounded in the importance of people’s located life plans. However, these accounts usually do not consider the global economic practices on which many of our life plans now rely. Most of the stuff in our daily lives is produced within global supply chains. In this paper, I argue that if occupancy interests are grounded in life-plan-based interests, then we have occupancy interests in (...) places far outside our places of residency. I further defend this argument by considering the implications of large-scale foreign land acquisitions. Through our participation in global economic practices, we effectively occupy, albeit not exclusively, land acquired for the use of global supply chains. By construing occupancy as bounded, occupancy-based defenses of territorial sovereignty obscure the highly hierarchical and unequal global structures that emerged from the world-building project of European colonialism. In the contemporary world, we cannot assess territorial sovereignty without assessing these structures. (shrink)

This study delves into the ways in which Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, Khalil Mardam Bey and Badawi al-Jabal, poets living in French-occupied Syria between 1920 and 1946, employed their literature as a tool of resistance. The work evaluates the poets' oeuvres from a historical, social, and literary pers-pective. The research analyzes how poetry transformed into a political and cultural weapon in the anti-colonial struggle, synthesizing classical Arabic poetic forms with modern themes of resistance and assessing the role of the-se texts in (...) fostering national consciousness. The article explores the process by which poetry became the voice of the people in the context of the politi-cal fragmentation, cultural assimilation, and social traumas brought about by the French occupation of Syria. The works of the three poets employ tra-ditional Arabic poetic techniques, such as the ʿarūḍ meter, and are enriched with literary devices like metaphor, allusion, and imagery. Methodologi-cally, the study combines thematic analysis of the poems with an examina-tion of the reciprocal relationship between historical events and literary production. Al-Zirikli’s poem “Al-Fajiʿa” (The Catastrophe) conveys the de-vastation of the Battle of Maysalun and the impact of the occupation on symbolic spaces, contrasting the helplessness of the people with their will to resist. Mardam Bey’s ”Yawm al-Faza’ al-Akbar” (The Day of Great Horror) depicts concrete traumas such as the bombing of Damascus, emphasizing interfaith solidarity and collective memory. Al-Jabal’s “Inni la-Ashmatu bi'l-Jabbar” (I Mock the Tyrant) constructs an anti-imperialist discourse through imagery of historical heroism, merging the desire for vengeance with a uni-versal call for justice. This study aims to demonstrate that these poems not only represent a local form of resistance but also embody the literary repre-sentation of universal human values such as justice, freedom, and dignity. It examines how these poets introduce a new perspective on Arab identity and challenge colonialism by blending classical poetic forms with contemporary themes. Ultimately, the research highlights the political power of poetry and its role in shaping Syria's national identity. (shrink)

Ole Ivar Lovaas – a Norwegian-born professor of psychology at UCLA – is considered a pioneer in the development of interventions for autistic children based on Applied Behaviour Analysis. According to previous accounts, Lovaas and his family were forced farm workers during the German occupation of Norway between 1940 and 1945, when Lovaas was 13–18 years old. This article shows that the Løvaas family were in fact members of the collaborationist fascist party Nasjonal Samling. His father, Ernst Albert Løvaas, (...) was a prominent leader in the propaganda apparatus of the German-installed fascist government. Ole Ivar Lovaas himself was an active participant in, and a local leader of, the fascist youth movement. The article concludes by comparing these revelations about Lovaas to previous similar revelations about another important figure in the history of autism, Hans Asperger. (shrink)

The emergence in Britain of chemical engineering, by mid‐century the fourth largest engineering specialism, was a hesitant and drawn out process. This article analyses the organisational politics behind the recognition of the technical occupation and profession from the First World War through to the end of the 1920s. The collective sense of professional identity among nascent ‘chemical engineers’ developed rapidly during this time owing to associations which promoted their cause among potential patrons. -/- .

Research has found that both cisgender and transgender androphilic males (i.e., males sexually attracted to and aroused by other adult males) have female-typical occupational preferences when compared with gynephilic males (i.e., males sexually attracted to and aroused by adult females). Moreover, whereas cisgender androphilic males’ occupational preferences tend to be intermediate between those of gynephilic men and androphilic women, transgender androphilic males tend to have occupational preferences that are more similar to androphilic women. No study has directly compared both types (...) of androphilic males within the same culture. The present study investigated occupational preference and its relation to childhood sex-atypical behavior (CSAB), among gynephilic men (_n_ = 208), androphilic women (_n_ = 138), and cisgender (_n_ = 132) and transgender (_n_ = 129) androphilic males from the Istmo region of Oaxaca, Mexico, where androphilic males are recognized as third gender, _muxes_. The study found large sex differences in occupational preferences (_d_ = 2.80). Furthermore, both cisgender _muxe nguiiu_ (_d_ = 2.36) and transgender _muxe gunaa_ (_d_ = 3.44) reported having more sex-atypical occupational preferences compared with men. However, _muxe gunaa_ reported higher female-typical occupational preferences than women (_d_ = 0.59) and _muxe nguiiu_ (_d_ = 0.57), whereas _muxe nguiiu_ and women did not differ (_d_ = 0.08). These findings are consistent with the conclusion that sex-atypical occupational preferences are a cross-culturally universal aspect of male androphilia. Finally, CSAB was associated with sex-atypical occupational preferences among all participants. These findings suggest that a developmental continuity exists between childhood and adulthood sex-atypicality. (shrink)

Stress has become an overheard word of modern life. Everyone experiences stress to some degree when one encounters a difficult situation. In recent decades, a transition can be seen in society and industries due to urbanisation and globalisation. Scientific-technological advancement in industries has changed employees’ working patterns and their way of living (Giorgi et al. in Front Psychol 8:2166, 2017). It would not be wrong to say that today's organisation is characterised by volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA). According to (...) Selye (Nature 138:32, 1936), stress is a non-specific reaction in the body that affects both the mind and body. Due to the fast-paced lifestyle, people's stress levels have increased, hence, WHO has asserted stress as the “health epidemic of the twenty-first century” (Fink, in Stress: concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Elsevier Inc., pp. 3–11, 2016). Today, occupational stress has become a common and costly affair as workers affected by stress show poor performance at work, increased absenteeism and staff turnover (Godin et al. in BMC Public Health, 5:67; Bhagat et al. in Organisational stress and coping in seven national contexts: a cross-cultural investigation, in Keita. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 93–105, 1994; Burke in Cross Cult Manag 17(1):5, 2010). Long-term exposure to occupational stress can lead to physical risks such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, increased heart rates, and mental problems (Michie in J Occup Environ Med 59(1):67–72, 2002). The current paper is a literature review with the primary objective of identifying occupational stressors among working female employees and studying the relationship between occupational stress and workplace ethics. (shrink)

Previous research on gender-based economic inequality has emphasized occupational segregation as the leading explanatory factor for the gender wage gap. Yet the globalization of the U.S. economy has affected gender inequality in fundamental ways and potentially diminished the influence of occupational gender segregation. We examine whether occupational gender segregation continues to be the main determinant of gender earnings inequality and to what extent globalization processes have emerged as important determinants of inequality between women’s and men’s earnings. We study factors contributing (...) to the gender earnings ratio as well as the median earnings of men and women for 271 U.S. metropolitan areas. The results indicate that occupational segregation is still the leading determinant of gender earnings inequality, that its effects are only slightly diminished by the presence of globalization, and that various aspects of the global economy independently influence the gender earnings gap. (shrink)

Much of the research that has been carried out on occupational health and safety involves studies of regulatory practices. OHS studies linearly maintain that early legislations were of minimal consequence. Implementation is a two-tier structure—policy-making and enforcement. This article considers the main themes and findings of this body of research. It is structured around a “natural history” approach to understanding law. This approach regards law as a process which starts with the recognition of a problem demanding legal intervention and the (...) subsequent enactment of legislation. Several jurisdictions additionally encourage workers to join the enforcement procedure. Law being intrinsic to OHS, enforcement emerges as the key to explain its impact, while evidence suggests the role of sanctions on it. The article highlights areas that remain relatively uncharted and those that warrant more research. (shrink)

International codes of ethics play an important role in guiding professional practice in developing countries. In the occupational health setting, codes developing by international agencies have substantial import on protecting working populations from harm. This is particularly so under globalisation which has transformed processes of production in fundamental ways across the globe. As part of the process of revising the Ethical Code of the International Commission on Occupational Health, an African Working Group addressed key challenges for the relevance and cogency (...) of an ethical code in occupational health for an African context through an iterative consultative process. (shrink)

The concept of “dark side occupations” remains ethically and culturally sensitive within occupational therapy practice. While the topic has been explored conceptually, less is known about how therapists across European regions address such occupations in clinical dialogue. This study examined regional differences in the perception of ethically sensitive or socially contested occupations and explored how professionals see the term itself. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among occupational therapy professionals across four European regions: Central and Eastern, Southern, Western, and Northern Europe. (...) The questionnaire combined closed-ended items assessing the frequency with which specific topics (e.g., sexuality, addictions, politically or socially sensitive activities) are addressed in practice, with open-ended questions exploring avoided topics and perceptions of the term “dark side occupations.” Quantitative data are presented descriptively with comparison across regions. Qualitative responses were subjected to thematic content analysis. Marked regional differences were identified. Topics such as sexuality, addictions, and other socially sensitive activities were addressed significantly less frequently in Central and Eastern Europe and, to a lesser extent, Southern Europe compared to Western/Northern Europe. In several regions, a pattern of pre-emptive topic avoidance was evident rather than explicit therapeutic refusal. Open-text responses suggested that contextual factors, including cultural norms, institutional climate, and perceived professional boundaries, shape clinical decision-making. Perceptions of the term “dark side occupations” were varied, with some respondents considering it a useful analytical framework and others viewing it as potentially normatively loaded or stigmatizing. The perception of ethically sensitive or socially contested occupations and topics in occupational therapy practice appears to be context-dependent and regionally patterned. Avoidance of certain topics may have implications for client autonomy and therapeutic dialogue. These findings highlight the need for culturally informed ethical reflection and clearer professional guidance in addressing complex socially sensitive or socially contested occupations within European occupational therapy practice. (shrink)

The higher education sector as a bastion of sustainability research has embarked in continual efforts to make its buildings more sustainable. Besides being environmentally friendly and economically feasible in the long run, there are perceptions that sustainable buildings are more user friendly and that their occupants are more satisfied than those in conventional buildings. However, research findings in this particular aspect of sustainability are inconclusive and even conflicting. Therefore, this research aims to study the occupant satisfaction of sustainable and conventional (...) buildings in a higher education institution in Australia. The results show that generally there is no significant difference in occupant satisfaction between sustainable and conventional buildings. A goal of sustainable buildings to improve the wellbeing of building occupants apparently has not been achieved based on the findings of this research. There is a possibility that the development of sustainable buildings mainly focuses on the environmental aspect while the social aspect tends to be neglected. The results further show that focusing on thermal comfort is the most effective way to improve occupant satisfaction. Future developments of sustainable buildings should evolve further and find the right balance among the triple bottom line of sustainability so that they truly are sustainable buildings. (shrink)

In 1940 the International Bureau of Weights and Measures was one of the few international organizations to have its headquarters in the occupied zone. Throughout the war, this organization was put under pressure by the German Military Command and maintained continuous relations with the Vichy Government and many French institutions. This contribution aims to provide an overview of the history of this organization under the Occupation by analyzing its way of functioning and its sources of support in this particular (...) context. It will examine the career path of its director Albert Pérard (1880-1960) and his network, the strategies implemented to adapt to the constraints of the Occupation and, more generally, to maintain international scientific cooperation in a world fractured by the war and a Europe under Nazi domination. This paper will examine the strategies used for adaptation and governance purposes, how these were continued and, conversely, disrupted. It will also look at the consequences of the “Vichy parenthesis” for this organization and the careers of its emblematic figures. (shrink)

Research on couples’ earnings arrangements has focused on men’s and women’s conformance to the male-breadwinner/female-homemaker model. By doing so, research has ignored the following: Breadwinning can be a source of stress for men; the male-breadwinner/female-homemaker model does not apply to all racial groups; and the proportion of women in an occupation may moderate the stress process associated with divergent earnings arrangements. To address factors overlooked, I applied mixed-effects models to the 1999–2017 Panel Study of Income Dynamics data to examine (...) the internalizing and externalizing responses to stress among married, non-Hispanic white and Black men and women. Greater relative earnings reduce Black women’s psychological distress and heavy drinking, but increase Black men’s heavy drinking. Among white men, greater relative earnings reduce psychological distress and demonstrate a curvilinear relationship with heavy drinking, whereas no significant pattern emerges for white women. Occupational sex composition moderates these relationships. Among Black women, greater relative earnings lower psychological distress the most for those in women-concentrated occupations, and moving from economic dependency to equal breadwinning decreases heavy drinking the most for white men in men-concentrated occupations. Findings showcase the value of an intersectional approach to capture the diverse meanings associated with earnings arrangements. (shrink)

This paper looks at the documentary Five Broken Cameras (Palestine, Israel, France, Netherlands, 2011) to discuss the temporal implications of a quotidian under occupation. More specifically, the investigation casts light over the peaceful resistance against the Israeli wall in the Palestinian village of Bil’in portrayed by the lenses of Emad Burnat, a Palestinian villager who becomes the village´s filmmaker after the acquisition of his first camera. Upon the analysis, I claim that in the context of the Palestinian struggle, cinema (...) is both an integral part of the resistance and an instrument to structure the experience of time in an area fragmented by the occupation. (shrink)

The article focuses on the conceptualization of the experience of occupation based on the phenomenological descriptions of life under occupation proposed by Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Jean-Paul Sartre. The philosophical potential of the phenomenological methodology is demonstrated by its use in critical war studies, which rethink this phenomenon from the perspective of human experience, rejecting the dominant approach to war as a continuation of politics by other means. Analyzing the research of the representative of critical studies of war, Shane (...) Brighton, the phenomenological potential of the works of Carl von Clausewitz is revealed in the context of rethinking war as the excess of being over knowledge. It is also demonstrated how the understanding of war proposed by E. Levinas is used in interdisciplinary studies of this phenomenon to understand the impact of war on people's lives. At the same time, the author distinguishes between the reference to descriptions of war in works of literature and phenomenological works made by Sh. Brighton to generalize how war is experienced, and phenomenological descriptions of the experience of war itself. The consideration of the essays by M. Merleau-Ponty and J.-P. Sartre helps to demonstrate how the phenomenological methodology is used to describe the direct experience of war, particularly the experience of occupation. The article shows that the phenomenological approach allows not only to rethink war as a generative force, as S. Brighton does, but also to conceptualize specific experiences of war. Thus, using the examples of descriptions of life under occupation offered by M. Merleau-Ponty and J.-P. Sartre, it is shown that the experience of authentic life under occupation can be conceptualized as the experience of struggle in the ranks of the Resistance movement. The conducted research allows us to conclude that it is necessary to use phenomenology to achieve a truly human understanding of war, that is, to understand it as a phenomenon that confronts people with a choice to save their own lives as private individuals and live an illusory freedom or to participate in the Resistance movement and sacrifice their lives in the fight for the freedom of all citizens. The results obtained indicate the need for further phenomenological research of war experiences, which will involve the analysis not only of the experience of occupation, but also other forms of experiencing war. (shrink)

The term “credential” encompasses educational certificates, degrees, certifications, and government-issued licenses. An occupational credential is a verification of an individual’s qualification or competence issued by a third party with relevant authority. Job seekers often leverage such credentials as evidence that desired qualifications are satisfied by their holders. Many U.S. education and workforce development organizations have recognized the importance of credentials for employment and the challenges of understanding the value of credentials. In this study, we identified and ontologically defined credential and (...) credential-related terms at the textual and semantic levels based on the Occupation Ontology (OccO), a BFO-based ontology. Different credential types and their authorization logic are modeled. We additionally defined a high-level hierarchy of credential related terms and relations among many terms, which were initiated in concert with the Alabama Talent Triad (ATT) program, which aims to connect learners, earners, employers and education/training providers through credentials and skills. To our knowledge, our research provides for the first time systematic ontological modeling of the important domain of credentials and related contents, supporting enhanced credential data and knowledge integration in the future. (shrink)

Organizations may need to attract occupational groups they did not recruit so far to implement strategic changes. Against the backdrop of this practical problem, this study introduces and explores an occupation-based measure of person-organization fit: occupational fit. I investigate its relationship with employer attractiveness based on human capital theory and explore the role of employer image as a moderator in this relationship. I surveyed 153 software engineers and mechanical engineers to analyze whether their occupational fit with software engineering and (...) mechanical engineering firms is related to employer attractiveness. I find that occupational fit is only related to a firm’s employer attractiveness among software engineers. Employer image does not moderate this relationship. A qualitative follow-up study proposes first explanations for the unexpected differences between the two occupations by indicating that occupations may differ in the logic they apply to determine fit and their degree of professionalization. The study contributes to research by highlighting the neglected role of occupation in recruitment research and exploring potential boundary conditions of recruitment for fit. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. (shrink)

Despite the fact that John Dewey had a great deal to say about education and technology, many of his insights have yet to be understood or appropriated. A close reading of Democracy and Education offers support for the view that Dewey was prescient in proposing a pedagogy that was friendly to current initiatives in innovative classroom technology including inverted or “flipped” classroom projects in the United States and elsewhere and the Future Classroom Lab project of the European Schoolnet. In both (...) of these initiatives application of tools and techniques grow out of educational occupations guided by teachers rather than being imposed on learning situations a priori. Both initiatives honor the pillars of Dewey’s educational philosophy as presented in his 1916 Democracy and Education and elsewhere in his work: problem-or theme-based learning, peer-based learning, learning that is open to the world outside the classroom, and teachers who are engaged as coaches and facilitators rather than authority figures. (shrink)

This contribution concerns the history and the contents of the French Corporatist thought during the Second World War German Occupation of France. It only deals with an analysis of the intellectual contributions of French economists and mainly of academics in this field. Their references to the corporatist thought concern their economic analysis as well as their methodologies and their thoughts about on economic policy. This is why the main subject of our contribution is not the strict historical origins of (...) corporatism unless this is related to some of the basic debates which occurred during the German Occupation of France. The first part of our contribution is about the process of emergence of corporatist economic thought during the period of this Occupation. The second part focuses on academic investigations that have attempted to study corporatism in terms of its contribution to the history of economic thought. Six authors appear to be central: Maurice Bouvier-Ajam, Louis Salleron, Louis Baudin, Gaëtan Pirou, François Perroux and Henri Denis. The third part of our contribution finally presents our overall conclusions. (shrink)

This article provides a normative appraisal of the law of military occupation by looking into occupation courts and their legitimacy. It focuses on two cornerstones of the current regulation of war: the principle of equality of belligerents, that is, the potential relevance ofjus ad bellumconsiderations on thein bellorights of occupants, and the normative force of the traditional distinction between states and non-state armed groups, specially in conflicts not of an international character. Against the currently predominant neoclassical position in (...) just war theory, it argues in favor of the moral equality of just and unjust occupants. Against the orthodox position in international law, it advocates the symmetrical treatment of states and non-state actors fighting internal armed conflicts, at least in terms of the rights they may claim on the territories under their control. It concludes by appraising the way in which this moral landscape should be translated into legal norms. (shrink)