Abstract

What the contained‐predicate doctrine (CPD) is, and its source in Leibniz's problem about individual reference—one he could have solved better if he had allowed inter‐substance causation and indexicals is covered. Gives his attempt to reconcile the CPD with there being contingent subject–predicate propositions; and infinite analysis. Leibniz's great mistake of construing the CPD as though it were causal rather than logical, and his attempt to reconcile it with human freedom are also dealt with.