LIL' Science
PhD Immunologist turned entrepreneur here to chat all things science and biotech
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LIL_Science Substack
LIL_Science Substack
Educational content on COVID-19 and infectious disease is always free. Become a paid subscriber to support my work and for biotech and academic deep dives. Click to read LIL Science, by LIL_Science, a Substack publication with tens of thousands of subscribers.
Melanie Matheu, PhD (@lilscience.bsky.social)
Melanie Matheu, PhD (@lilscience.bsky.social)
Scientist, Founder (2x), and Immunology expert. Excited about advances that blend tech, bio, and engineering. Don't fight biology, leverage it. No medical advice. Substack: https://substack.com/@lilscience
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LIL (aka Melanie P. Matheu) is a PhD Scientist, Inventor, and Entrepreneur featured in TechCrunch, Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, and Forbes. She is the inventor of the fastest high resolution bioprinting on the planet and reconstructed human lymph nodes (Lymph Node Organoids or LNOs). Human lymph nodes "in a dish" enable rapid discovery of human antibodies for drug development, drug testing, and screening. LNO technology significantly reduces animal use in the lab while providing better solutions, faster in major drug development and discovery roadblocks. Recently Dr. Matheu started her second company LYRIC BIO which is introducing high-density tissue-like cell culture to the world of biomanufacturing. LYRIC is targeting in vitro production of human IvIg, a high-cost low supply medicine that is currently entirely dependent on human donation. No medical advice. Substack: https://lilscience.substack.com/
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Recently Reviewed Research
Newborn and Early Infant Outcomes Following Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy
Newborn and Early Infant Outcomes Following Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy
This study attempts to determine if maternal mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is associated with adverse newborn and early infant outcomes.
Evaluation of Acute Adverse Events after Covid-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy
Evaluation of Acute Adverse Events after Covid-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy
In this retrospective cohort study involving pregnant women, those who had been vaccinated against Covid-19 did not have a higher risk of clinically serious adverse events than those who were ...
Neonatal Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy
Neonatal Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy
This cohort study evaluates the risks of neonatal adverse events after exposure to COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.
Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in Children
Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in Children
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant medical, social, and economic impacts globally, both in the short and long term.
COVID Programs
Find COVID‑19 vaccine locations near you
Find COVID‑19 vaccine locations near you
Vaccines.gov helps you find nearby pharmacies in the United States.
No-Cost COVID-19 Testing
No-Cost COVID-19 Testing
COVID-19 Test to Treat Locator - Where to find Paxlovid
COVID-19 Test to Treat Locator - Where to find Paxlovid
Discover, analyze and download data from ArcGIS Hub. Download in CSV, KML, Zip, GeoJSON, GeoTIFF or PNG. Find API links for GeoServices, WMS, and WFS. Analyze with charts and thematic maps. Take the next step and create StoryMaps and Web Maps.
Post-COVID Increases in Mortality
Association of COVID-19 with short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a prospective cohort in UK Biobank - PubMed
Association of COVID-19 with short- and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: a prospective cohort in UK Biobank - PubMed
COVID-19 infection, including long-COVID, is associated with increased short- and long-term risks of CVD and mortality. Ongoing monitoring of signs and symptoms of developing these cardiovascular complications post diagnosis and up till at least a year post recovery may benefit infected patients, es …
Long-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection: A national cohort study from Estonia - PubMed
Long-term mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection: A national cohort study from Estonia - PubMed
Research was carried out with the support of Estonian Research Council (grants PRG1197, PRG198), European Regional Development Fund (RITA 1/02-120) and European Social Fund via IT Academy program.
COVID-19 Post-acute Sequelae Among Adults: 12 Month Mortality Risk - PubMed
COVID-19 Post-acute Sequelae Among Adults: 12 Month Mortality Risk - PubMed
<span><b>Background:</b> There are concerns regarding post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, but it is unclear whether COVID-19 poses a significant downstream mortality risk. The objective was to determine the relationship between COVID-19 infection and 12-month mortality after recovery from the initial episode</span> …
High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 - Naturem,
High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 - Naturem,
Healthcare data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs are used to characterize the six-month incident sequelae of individuals who survive for at least thirty days after developing COVID-19.
How deadly is long Covid? Here's what a new CDC study found.
How deadly is long Covid? Here's what a new CDC study found.
Long Covid contributed to thousands of deaths in the United States over the last few years, according to a new study from CDC—findings that underscore the potential severity of lingering symptoms after a Covid-19 infection.
COVID: Immune System Dysfunction
Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities
Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities
Exhaustion of immune cells in COVID-19 remains a serious concern for infection management and therapeutic interventions. As reported, immune cells such as T effector cells (Teff), T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells (NKs), and ...
T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review
Understanding the T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to vaccine development, epidemiological surveillance and disease control strategies. This systematic review critically evaluates and synthesises the relevant peer-reviewed and pre-print ...
Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study
Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study
There are a growing number of case reports of various autoimmune diseases occurring after COVID-19, yet there is no large-scale population-based evidence to support this potential association. This study provides a closer insight into the ...
B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance - PubMed
B lymphocytes in COVID-19: a tale of harmony and discordance - PubMed
B lymphocytes play a vital role in the human defense against viral infections by producing specific antibodies. They are also critical for the prevention of infectious diseases by vaccination, and their activation influences the efficacy of the vaccination. Since the beginning of coronavirus disease …
Mucormycosis: “The Black Fungus” trampling post-COVID-19 patients
Mucormycosis: “The Black Fungus” trampling post-COVID-19 patients
The detectable anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients may be associated with disease severity - Virology Journal
The detectable anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients may be associated with disease severity - Virology Journal
Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling
Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19 - Cellular & Molecular Immunology
Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19 - Cellular & Molecular Immunology
A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) - Cell Communication and Signaling
A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) - Cell Communication and Signaling
Surge of mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Surge of mucormycosis during the COVID-19 pandemic
Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Severe COVID-19 may lead to long-term innate immune system changes
Severe COVID-19 may lead to long-term innate immune system changes
Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19
Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19
Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19 - PubMed
Loss of Bcl-6-Expressing T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Centers in COVID-19 - PubMed
Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Profound dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function in patients with severe COVID-19 - PubMed
Profound dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function in patients with severe COVID-19 - PubMed
Dysregulated naive B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19 - Nature
Dysregulated naive B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19 - Nature
Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses
Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses
T-cell dysfunction as a potential contributing factor in post-COVID-19 mucormycosis - PubMed
T-cell dysfunction as a potential contributing factor in post-COVID-19 mucormycosis - PubMed
T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19
T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19
Alterations in T and B cell function persist in convalescent COVID-19 patients - PubMed
Alterations in T and B cell function persist in convalescent COVID-19 patients - PubMed
Immune dysfunction leads to mortality and organ injury in patients with COVID-19 in China: insights from ERS-COVID-19 study - PubMed
Immune dysfunction leads to mortality and organ injury in patients with COVID-19 in China: insights from ERS-COVID-19 study - PubMed
Lasting alterations in monocyte and dendritic cell subsets in individuals after 2 hospitalization for COVID-19
Lasting alterations in monocyte and dendritic cell subsets in individuals after 2 hospitalization for COVID-19
Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection - PubMed
Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection - PubMed
Neuro-COVID long-haulers exhibit broad dysfunction in T cell memory generation and responses to vaccination
Neuro-COVID long-haulers exhibit broad dysfunction in T cell memory generation and responses to vaccination
Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease - PubMed
Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease - PubMed
Severe Adaptive Immune Suppression May Be Why Patients With Severe COVID-19 Cannot Be Discharged From the ICU Even After Negative Viral Tests - PubMed
Severe Adaptive Immune Suppression May Be Why Patients With Severe COVID-19 Cannot Be Discharged From the ICU Even After Negative Viral Tests - PubMed
T-Cell Hyperactivation and Paralysis in Severe COVID-19 Infection Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis - PubMed
T-Cell Hyperactivation and Paralysis in Severe COVID-19 Infection Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis - PubMed
Differential plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype and type I Interferon response in asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 infection - PubMed
Differential plasmacytoid dendritic cell phenotype and type I Interferon response in asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 infection - PubMed
Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Depletion and Dysfunction of Dendritic Cells: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Infection - PubMed
Depletion and Dysfunction of Dendritic Cells: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Infection - PubMed
Lymphocyte Subset Counts in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis - PubMed
Lymphocyte Subset Counts in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta-Analysis - PubMed
Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia - PubMed
Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia - PubMed
Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Long-term perturbation of the peripheral immune system months after SARS-CoV-2 infection - PubMed
Profound Treg perturbations correlate with COVID-19 severity - PubMed
Profound Treg perturbations correlate with COVID-19 severity - PubMed
A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients – Implications for Long COVID?
A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients – Implications for Long COVID?
Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - PubMed
Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - PubMed
A regulatory T cell signature distinguishes the immune landscape of COVID-19 patients from those with other respiratory infections - PubMed
A regulatory T cell signature distinguishes the immune landscape of COVID-19 patients from those with other respiratory infections - PubMed
Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunction of lymphocytes in individuals clinically recovered from COVID-19 - PubMed
Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunction of lymphocytes in individuals clinically recovered from COVID-19 - PubMed
Lessons Learned Comparing Immune System Alterations of Bacterial Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Sepsis - PubMed
Lessons Learned Comparing Immune System Alterations of Bacterial Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Sepsis - PubMed
Persistent Autoimmune Activation and Proinflammatory State in Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Syndrome - PubMed
Persistent Autoimmune Activation and Proinflammatory State in Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Syndrome - PubMed
Circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies in COVID-19 survivors predict long-COVID symptoms - PubMed
Circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies in COVID-19 survivors predict long-COVID symptoms - PubMed
Persistent Symptoms in Adult Patients 1 Year After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Cohort Study - PubMed
Persistent Symptoms in Adult Patients 1 Year After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Cohort Study - PubMed
The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the incidence of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis - PubMed
The impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the incidence of acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis - PubMed
COVID associated mucormycosis: A preliminary study from a dedicated COVID Hospital in Delhi - PubMed
COVID associated mucormycosis: A preliminary study from a dedicated COVID Hospital in Delhi - PubMed
Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review - PubMed
Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review - PubMed
COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases - PubMed
COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases - PubMed
New Onset of Autoimmune Diseases Following COVID-19 Diagnosis - PubMed
New Onset of Autoimmune Diseases Following COVID-19 Diagnosis - PubMed
Air Filtration & COVID-19
Air Cleaners, HVAC Filters, and Coronavirus (COVID-19) | US EPA
Air Cleaners, HVAC Filters, and Coronavirus (COVID-19) | US EPA
Real-world data show that filters clean COVID-causing virus from air
Real-world data show that filters clean COVID-causing virus from air
SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission in schools: the effectiveness of different interventions - PubMed
SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission in schools: the effectiveness of different interventions - PubMed
CDC Study: HEPA Filters Reduce COVID-19 Spread in Schools – Smart Air
CDC Study: HEPA Filters Reduce COVID-19 Spread in Schools – Smart Air
Do HEPA Filters Really Catch Coronavirus Particles?
Do HEPA Filters Really Catch Coronavirus Particles?
Removal of Airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Other Microbial Bioaerosols by Air Filtration on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Surge Units
Removal of Airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Other Microbial Bioaerosols by Air Filtration on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Surge Units
Air filter significantly reduces presence of airborne SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards
Air filter significantly reduces presence of airborne SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards
Use of Portable Air Cleaners and Transmission of COVID-19
Use of Portable Air Cleaners and Transmission of COVID-19
Efficacy of Ventilation, HEPA Air Cleaners, Universal Masking, and Physical Distancing for Reducing Exposure to Simulated Exhaled Aerosols in a Meeting Room
Efficacy of Ventilation, HEPA Air Cleaners, Universal Masking, and Physical Distancing for Reducing Exposure to Simulated Exhaled Aerosols in a Meeting Room
Portable HEPA Purifiers to Eliminate Airborne SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review
Portable HEPA Purifiers to Eliminate Airborne SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review
Cleaner air: Protection from COVID-19
Cleaner air: Protection from COVID-19
Ventilation Can Reduce COVID-19 Risk | Yale School Of Public Health
Ventilation Can Reduce COVID-19 Risk | Yale School Of Public Health
Are the Portable Air Cleaners (PAC) really effective to terminate airborne SARS-CoV-2?
Are the Portable Air Cleaners (PAC) really effective to terminate airborne SARS-CoV-2?
Improving Ventilation in Schools, Colleges, and Universities to Prevent COVID-19 | U.S. Department of Education
Improving Ventilation in Schools, Colleges, and Universities to Prevent COVID-19 | U.S. Department of Education
Let's Clear The Air On COVID - The White House
Let's Clear The Air On COVID - The White House
Can HVAC systems help prevent transmission of COVID-19?
Can HVAC systems help prevent transmission of COVID-19?
Testing mobile air purifiers in a school classroom: Reducing the airborne transmission risk for SARS-CoV-2
Testing mobile air purifiers in a school classroom: Reducing the airborne transmission risk for SARS-CoV-2
MASK STUDIES
Lifting Universal Masking in Schools — Covid-19 Incidence among Students and Staff
Lifting Universal Masking in Schools — Covid-19 Incidence among Students and Staff
Mask wearing in community settings reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Mask wearing in community settings reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Harvard Report: Face masks: An essential protective measure while traveling
Harvard Report: Face masks: An essential protective measure while traveling
Harvard Study: Assessment of Risks of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During Air Travel and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce Risk
Harvard Study: Assessment of Risks of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During Air Travel and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Reduce Risk
Yale: Largest study on masks and Covid-19 demonstrates their effectiveness in the real world
Yale: Largest study on masks and Covid-19 demonstrates their effectiveness in the real world
Randomized Controlled Trial: Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh
Randomized Controlled Trial: Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Face masks for COVID pass their largest test yet
Face masks for COVID pass their largest test yet
Effectiveness of face masks in blocking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary evaluation of masks used by SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals
Effectiveness of face masks in blocking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary evaluation of masks used by SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Efficacy of masks and face coverings in controlling outward aerosol particle emission from expiratory activities
Efficacy of masks and face coverings in controlling outward aerosol particle emission from expiratory activities
Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2
Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2
Face Mask Use in the Community for Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Face Mask Use in the Community for Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021
Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021
UCSF: Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus
UCSF: Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus
Johns Hopkins: Coronavirus Face Masks FAQs
Johns Hopkins: Coronavirus Face Masks FAQs
Mayo Clinic: How well do face masks protect against COVID-19?
Mayo Clinic: How well do face masks protect against COVID-19?
Vaccine v. Natural Immunity 8_28
Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections
Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections
Having SARS-CoV-2 once confers much greater immunity than a vaccine—but no infection parties, please
Having SARS-CoV-2 once confers much greater immunity than a vaccine—but no infection parties, please
Waning Vaccine Efficacy Research
Summary of Oxford UK Survey: COVID vaccines protect against Delta, but their effectiveness wanes
Summary of Oxford UK Survey: COVID vaccines protect against Delta, but their effectiveness wanes
UK Oxford Survey: Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK
UK Oxford Survey: Impact of Delta on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK
Mayo Clinic Led Study: Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence
Mayo Clinic Led Study: Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence
August 13th, 2021 CDC Vaccine Update
August 13th, 2021 CDC Vaccine Update
Science Opinion Piece: A grim warning from Israel: Vaccination blunts, but does not defeat Delta
Science Opinion Piece: A grim warning from Israel: Vaccination blunts, but does not defeat Delta
Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections to Time-from-vaccine; Preliminary Study
Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections to Time-from-vaccine; Preliminary Study
SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness
SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness
ZOE Project Press Release: Is COVID vaccine protection fading?
ZOE Project Press Release: Is COVID vaccine protection fading?
(Vetted) Expert reaction to press release from the ZOE app on vaccine effectiveness over time
(Vetted) Expert reaction to press release from the ZOE app on vaccine effectiveness over time
Link to Israeli Health Ministry Report Slides
Link to Israeli Health Ministry Report Slides
Link to analysis re: local vaccination rates in Israel & vaccine efficacy
Link to analysis re: local vaccination rates in Israel & vaccine efficacy
Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection
COVID in Children Refs 8/21/21
How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread
How the Delta variant achieves its ultrafast spread
SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality
SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality
Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States
Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States
Early News Reports: Is Delta Also More Severe in Kids?
Early News Reports: Is Delta Also More Severe in Kids?
Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
Neurologic Involvement in Children and Adolescents Hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome
Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19
Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19
Systematic review of reviews of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents
Systematic review of reviews of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents
CDC: About Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS)
CDC: About Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS)
Flu Vaccines Refs. Videos 8/20/2021
COVID vaccines protect against Delta, but their effectiveness wanes
COVID vaccines protect against Delta, but their effectiveness wanes
Intraseason Waning of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
Intraseason Waning of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
Decline in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With Vaccination Program Maturation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Decline in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With Vaccination Program Maturation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Nursing Homes Reduction in Illness and Complications During an Influenza A (H3N2) Epidemic
Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Nursing Homes Reduction in Illness and Complications During an Influenza A (H3N2) Epidemic
Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Adults, 2011–2012 Influenza Season
Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Adults, 2011–2012 Influenza Season
CDC Report on Delta Variant from July 29th, 2021
CDC Report on Delta Variant from July 29th, 2021
Influenza Vaccine Given to Pregnant Women Reduces Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Their Infants
Influenza Vaccine Given to Pregnant Women Reduces Hospitalization Due to Influenza in Their Infants
Influenza vaccine as prevention for cardiovascular diseases: Possible molecular mechanism
Influenza vaccine as prevention for cardiovascular diseases: Possible molecular mechanism
Patterns of Influenza Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness Among Young US Children Who Receive Outpatient Care for Acute Respiratory Tract Illness
Patterns of Influenza Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness Among Young US Children Who Receive Outpatient Care for Acute Respiratory Tract Illness
Tracking COVID numbers
CDC: COVID DATA TRACKER
CDC: COVID DATA TRACKER
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Back to top
WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard Back to top
For Parents of School Children
American Academy of Pediatrics: COVID-19 Guidance for Safe Schools
American Academy of Pediatrics: COVID-19 Guidance for Safe Schools
CDC: Know What to Expect at Your Child’s K- 12 School or Early Care and Education Program
CDC: Know What to Expect at Your Child’s K- 12 School or Early Care and Education Program
Science Magazine: Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Science Magazine: Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2
American Association of Pediatrics Increases in pediatric hospitalization: Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report
American Association of Pediatrics Increases in pediatric hospitalization: Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report
American Academy of Pediatrics: Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report
American Academy of Pediatrics: Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report
CDC: Families and COVID-19
CDC: Families and COVID-19
CDC: County by County Data Tracker for Local Transmission Rates
CDC: County by County Data Tracker for Local Transmission Rates
Journal of the American Medical Association: Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2
Journal of the American Medical Association: Effectiveness of Mask Wearing to Control Community Spread of SARS-CoV-2
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine: Interview with Pediatric infectious diseases specialist Matthew Thomas, M.D.
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine: Interview with Pediatric infectious diseases specialist Matthew Thomas, M.D.
European Journal of Pediatrics: To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19
European Journal of Pediatrics: To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19
PNAS: An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
PNAS: An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
UCSF: Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus
UCSF: Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus
Nature Oct 2020: Face masks: what the data say
Nature Oct 2020: Face masks: what the data say
CDC: Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States caused by COVID
CDC: Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States caused by COVID
Children are affected by long COVID: Long COVID and kids: scientists race to find answers
Children are affected by long COVID: Long COVID and kids: scientists race to find answers
Children With Long COVID
Children With Long COVID
Long-term Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents
Long-term Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents
Alpha Variant Data for Kids with Long COVID: Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2
Alpha Variant Data for Kids with Long COVID: Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2
Early News Report More Children are being hospitalized: Unclear if Delta Variant is worse for chlidren, but it spreads better.
Early News Report More Children are being hospitalized: Unclear if Delta Variant is worse for chlidren, but it spreads better.
Emerging Picture (520 COVID deaths in Children 8_13_2021): Hospitals In Southern U.S. Report Record Numbers Of Children Hospitalized Amid Delta Surge—Though Deaths Still Extremely Rare
Emerging Picture (520 COVID deaths in Children 8_13_2021): Hospitals In Southern U.S. Report Record Numbers Of Children Hospitalized Amid Delta Surge—Though Deaths Still Extremely Rare
Vaccines: Pregnancy and Fertility
New CDC Data: COVID-19 Vaccination Safe for Pregnant People
New CDC Data: COVID-19 Vaccination Safe for Pregnant People
COVID-19 Vaccines While Pregnant or Breastfeeding
COVID-19 Vaccines While Pregnant or Breastfeeding
Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-Cov-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination
Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-Cov-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination
BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine does not impair sperm parameters
BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine does not impair sperm parameters
Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020-21
Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines preconception and during pregnancy and risk of self-reported spontaneous abortions, CDC v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine Pregnancy Registry 2020-21
Pregnancy, Postpartum Care, and COVID-19 Vaccination in 2021
Pregnancy, Postpartum Care, and COVID-19 Vaccination in 2021
Addressing anti-syncytin antibody levels, and fertility and breastfeeding concerns, following BNT162B2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination
Addressing anti-syncytin antibody levels, and fertility and breastfeeding concerns, following BNT162B2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination
Potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproductive health
Potential risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproductive health
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines and Pregnancy
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines and Pregnancy
Lack of effects on female fertility and prenatal and postnatal offspring development in rats with BNT162b2, a mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine
Lack of effects on female fertility and prenatal and postnatal offspring development in rats with BNT162b2, a mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine
Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination
Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination
Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-Cov-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination
Ovarian follicular function is not altered by SARS-Cov-2 infection or BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination
Johns Hopkins: The COVID-19 Vaccine and Pregnancy: What You Need to Know
Johns Hopkins: The COVID-19 Vaccine and Pregnancy: What You Need to Know
Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy?
Are COVID-19 vaccines safe in pregnancy?
Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons
Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons
Possible impact of COVID-19 on fertility and assisted reproductive technologies
Possible impact of COVID-19 on fertility and assisted reproductive technologies
Animal Studies SarsCoV2 Vaccine
Review of Animal Models used for SarsCoV2 Research: Animal models for COVID-19
Review of Animal Models used for SarsCoV2 Research: Animal models for COVID-19
Animal Study: BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2
Animal Study: BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2
Animal Study: Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Animal Study: Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Animal Study: Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19
Animal Study: Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19
Animal Study: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: A prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike RNA vaccine is highly immunogenic and prevents lung infection in non-human primates
Animal Study: A prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike RNA vaccine is highly immunogenic and prevents lung infection in non-human primates
ANIMAL MODELS used for SarsCov2 Vaccine Development
ANIMAL MODELS used for SarsCov2 Vaccine Development
REVIEW Article: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathology
REVIEW Article: Animal models of mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathology
Animal Study: Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity
Animal Study: Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity
Animal Study: Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Animal Study: Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2
Animal Study: Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2
Animal Study: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness
Animal Study: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness
Potential reason why containment of SARS-COV-2 spread is so difficult: Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model
Potential reason why containment of SARS-COV-2 spread is so difficult: Comparative pathogenesis of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS in a nonhuman primate model
How is Immunity Measured in Animal Vaccine Trials? Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models
How is Immunity Measured in Animal Vaccine Trials? Measuring immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: comparing assays and animal models
Vaccine Development and Testing Overview: Learning from the past: development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines
Vaccine Development and Testing Overview: Learning from the past: development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines
Tracking Variant Development
Johns Hopkins COVID-19 State by State Case rates
Johns Hopkins COVID-19 State by State Case rates
CDC: SarsCoV2 Variant Information
CDC: SarsCoV2 Variant Information
Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Dashboard
Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Dashboard
NextStrain.org SarsCoV2 Global Mutations (GISAID Subsample)
NextStrain.org SarsCoV2 Global Mutations (GISAID Subsample)
GISAID: Map of tracked variant occurrence
GISAID: Map of tracked variant occurrence
SarsCoV2 Mutation Rate: Comparison of Clinical Features and Outcomes of Medically Attended COVID-19 and Influenza Patients in a Defined Population in the 2020 Respiratory Virus Season
SarsCoV2 Mutation Rate: Comparison of Clinical Features and Outcomes of Medically Attended COVID-19 and Influenza Patients in a Defined Population in the 2020 Respiratory Virus Season
Gain of Function: Discussion
ARTICLE CITED as GOF #1: "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus"
ARTICLE CITED as GOF #1: "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus"
ARTICLE CITED as GOF #2: "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence"
ARTICLE CITED as GOF #2: "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence"
Gain-of-Function Research: Ethical Analysis
Gain-of-Function Research: Ethical Analysis
White House Archives GOF Research: Doing Diligence to Assess the Risks and Benefits of Life Sciences Gain-of-Function Research
White House Archives GOF Research: Doing Diligence to Assess the Risks and Benefits of Life Sciences Gain-of-Function Research
Free Textbooks
Free Textbook: The Science of Biology
Free Textbook: The Science of Biology
Free Textbook: Kuby Immunology, 6th Edition
Free Textbook: Kuby Immunology, 6th Edition
Free Textbook: Medical Microbiology, 4th Edition
Free Textbook: Medical Microbiology, 4th Edition
Free Textbook: Introduction to Medical Immunology
Free Textbook: Introduction to Medical Immunology
Miscellaneous Science References
June 25th Technical Brief: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England
June 25th Technical Brief: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England
Book Chapter "Dangerous Science: Science Policy and Risk Analysis for Scientists and Engineers" Case Study: H5N1 Influenza Research Debate
Book Chapter "Dangerous Science: Science Policy and Risk Analysis for Scientists and Engineers" Case Study: H5N1 Influenza Research Debate
Pre-Print: AstraZeneca & Pfizer Vaccine Efficacy against Alpha & Delta Variants (title: Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant)
Pre-Print: AstraZeneca & Pfizer Vaccine Efficacy against Alpha & Delta Variants (title: Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant)
June 23rd Delta Variant: Delta variant triggers dangerous new phase in the pandemic
June 23rd Delta Variant: Delta variant triggers dangerous new phase in the pandemic
43,548 participant Clinical Trial Report Dec 2020: Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
43,548 participant Clinical Trial Report Dec 2020: Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Review: Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics
Review: Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics
Registered SarsCoV2 Clinical Trials (therapeutics, supplements, vaccines)
Registered SarsCoV2 Clinical Trials (therapeutics, supplements, vaccines)
CDC: Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
CDC: Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
Official Statement American Heart Association: CDC investigating rare myocarditis in teens, young adults; COVID-19 vaccine still advised for all who are eligible
Official Statement American Heart Association: CDC investigating rare myocarditis in teens, young adults; COVID-19 vaccine still advised for all who are eligible
Webcast Link: CDC ACIP Meeting June 23-25th - Myocarditis Focus
Webcast Link: CDC ACIP Meeting June 23-25th - Myocarditis Focus
ACIP: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
ACIP: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
Moderna Vaccine: Minimal Amounts of Spike Protein Detected Post Vaccination
Moderna Vaccine: Minimal Amounts of Spike Protein Detected Post Vaccination
Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Myocarditis in Competitive Athletes With Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry
Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Myocarditis in Competitive Athletes With Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry
Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel
Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel
January 2021: Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease
January 2021: Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease
Known Distribution Patterns of DNA based Vaccines (pub. 2010)
Known Distribution Patterns of DNA based Vaccines (pub. 2010)
DART Data Reported (here and elsewhere): Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee December 17, 2020 Presentation - Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Application for mRNA-1273
DART Data Reported (here and elsewhere): Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee December 17, 2020 Presentation - Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Application for mRNA-1273
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