java.awt.Graphics2D

public abstract class Graphics2D extends Graphics

This Graphics2D class extends the Graphics class to provide more sophisticated control over geometry, coordinate transformations, color management, and text layout. This is the fundamental class for rendering 2-dimensional shapes, text and images on the Java(tm) platform.

Coordinate Spaces

All coordinates passed to a Graphics2D object are specified in a device-independent coordinate system called User Space, which is used by applications. The Graphics2D object contains an AffineTransform object as part of its rendering state that defines how to convert coordinates from user space to device-dependent coordinates in Device Space.

Coordinates in device space usually refer to individual device pixels and are aligned on the infinitely thin gaps between these pixels. Some Graphics2D objects can be used to capture rendering operations for storage into a graphics metafile for playback on a concrete device of unknown physical resolution at a later time. Since the resolution might not be known when the rendering operations are captured, the Graphics2D Transform is set up to transform user coordinates to a virtual device space that approximates the expected resolution of the target device. Further transformations might need to be applied at playback time if the estimate is incorrect.

Some of the operations performed by the rendering attribute objects occur in the device space, but all Graphics2D methods take user space coordinates.

Every Graphics2D object is associated with a target that defines where rendering takes place. A GraphicsConfiguration object defines the characteristics of the rendering target, such as pixel format and resolution. The same rendering target is used throughout the life of a Graphics2D object.

When creating a Graphics2D object, the GraphicsConfiguration specifies the default transform for the target of the Graphics2D (a Component or Image). This default transform maps the user space coordinate system to screen and printer device coordinates such that the origin maps to the upper left hand corner of the target region of the device with increasing X coordinates extending to the right and increasing Y coordinates extending downward. The scaling of the default transform is set to identity for those devices that are close to 72 dpi, such as screen devices. The scaling of the default transform is set to approximately 72 user space coordinates per square inch for high resolution devices, such as printers. For image buffers, the default transform is the Identity transform.

Rendering Process

The Rendering Process can be broken down into four phases that are controlled by the Graphics2D rendering attributes. The renderer can optimize many of these steps, either by caching the results for future calls, by collapsing multiple virtual steps into a single operation, or by recognizing various attributes as common simple cases that can be eliminated by modifying other parts of the operation.

The steps in the rendering process are:

Determine what to render.
Constrain the rendering operation to the current Clip. The Clip is specified by a Shape in user space and is controlled by the program using the various clip manipulation methods of Graphics and Graphics2D. This user clip is transformed into device space by the current Transform and combined with the device clip, which is defined by the visibility of windows and device extents. The combination of the user clip and device clip defines the composite clip, which determines the final clipping region. The user clip is not modified by the rendering system to reflect the resulting composite clip.
Determine what colors to render.
Apply the colors to the destination drawing surface using the current Composite attribute in the Graphics2D context.

The three types of rendering operations, along with details of each of their particular rendering processes are:

Shape operations
1. If the operation is a draw(Shape) operation, then the createStrokedShape method on the current Stroke attribute in the Graphics2D context is used to construct a new Shape object that contains the outline of the specified Shape.
2. The Shape is transformed from user space to device space using the current Transform in the Graphics2D context.
3. The outline of the Shape is extracted using the getPathIterator method of Shape, which returns a PathIterator object that iterates along the boundary of the Shape.
4. If the Graphics2D object cannot handle the curved segments that the PathIterator object returns then it can call the alternate getPathIterator method of Shape, which flattens the Shape.
5. The current Paint in the Graphics2D context is queried for a PaintContext, which specifies the colors to render in device space.
Text operations
1. The following steps are used to determine the set of glyphs required to render the indicated String:
  1. If the argument is a String, then the current Font in the Graphics2D context is asked to convert the Unicode characters in the String into a set of glyphs for presentation with whatever basic layout and shaping algorithms the font implements.
  2. If the argument is an AttributedCharacterIterator, the iterator is asked to convert itself to a TextLayout using its embedded font attributes. The TextLayout implements more sophisticated glyph layout algorithms that perform Unicode bi-directional layout adjustments automatically for multiple fonts of differing writing directions.
  3. If the argument is a GlyphVector, then the GlyphVector object already contains the appropriate font-specific glyph codes with explicit coordinates for the position of each glyph.
2. The current Font is queried to obtain outlines for the indicated glyphs. These outlines are treated as shapes in user space relative to the position of each glyph that was determined in step 1.
3. The character outlines are filled as indicated above under Shape operations.
4. The current Paint is queried for a PaintContext, which specifies the colors to render in device space.
Image Operations
1. The region of interest is defined by the bounding box of the source Image. This bounding box is specified in Image Space, which is the Image object's local coordinate system.
2. If an AffineTransform is passed to drawImage(Image, AffineTransform, ImageObserver), the AffineTransform is used to transform the bounding box from image space to user space. If no AffineTransform is supplied, the bounding box is treated as if it is already in user space.
3. The bounding box of the source Image is transformed from user space into device space using the current Transform. Note that the result of transforming the bounding box does not necessarily result in a rectangular region in device space.
4. The Image object determines what colors to render, sampled according to the source to destination coordinate mapping specified by the current Transform and the optional image transform.

Default Rendering Attributes

The default values for the Graphics2D rendering attributes are:

Paint: The color of the Component.
Font: The Font of the Component.
Stroke: A square pen with a linewidth of 1, no dashing, miter segment joins and square end caps.
Transform: The getDefaultTransform for the GraphicsConfiguration of the Component.
Composite: The

Class Graphics2D

Coordinate Spaces

Rendering Process

Default Rendering Attributes