| 1 | # LogoMation-like turtle graphics
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| 2 |
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| 3 | """
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| 4 | Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to
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| 5 | kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed
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| 6 | by Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert in 1966.
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| 7 |
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| 8 | Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. Give it
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| 9 | the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in
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| 10 | the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the
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| 11 | command turtle.left(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.
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| 12 |
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| 13 | By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and
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| 14 | pictures can easily be drawn.
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| 15 | """
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| 16 |
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| 17 | from math import * # Also for export
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| 18 | import Tkinter
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| 19 |
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| 20 | speeds = ['fastest', 'fast', 'normal', 'slow', 'slowest']
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| 21 |
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| 22 | class Error(Exception):
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| 23 | pass
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| 24 |
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| 25 | class RawPen:
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| 26 |
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| 27 | def __init__(self, canvas):
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| 28 | self._canvas = canvas
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| 29 | self._items = []
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| 30 | self._tracing = 1
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| 31 | self._arrow = 0
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| 32 | self._delay = 10 # default delay for drawing
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| 33 | self._angle = 0.0
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| 34 | self.degrees()
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| 35 | self.reset()
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| 36 |
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| 37 | def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0):
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| 38 | """ Set angle measurement units to degrees.
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| 39 |
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| 40 | Example:
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| 41 | >>> turtle.degrees()
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| 42 | """
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| 43 | # Don't try to change _angle if it is 0, because
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| 44 | # _fullcircle might not be set, yet
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| 45 | if self._angle:
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| 46 | self._angle = (self._angle / self._fullcircle) * fullcircle
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| 47 | self._fullcircle = fullcircle
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| 48 | self._invradian = pi / (fullcircle * 0.5)
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| 49 |
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| 50 | def radians(self):
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| 51 | """ Set the angle measurement units to radians.
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| 52 |
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| 53 | Example:
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| 54 | >>> turtle.radians()
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| 55 | """
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| 56 | self.degrees(2.0*pi)
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| 57 |
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| 58 | def reset(self):
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| 59 | """ Clear the screen, re-center the pen, and set variables to
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| 60 | the default values.
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| 61 |
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| 62 | Example:
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| 63 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 64 | [0.0, -22.0]
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| 65 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 66 | 100.0
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| 67 | >>> turtle.reset()
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| 68 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 69 | [0.0, 0.0]
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| 70 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 71 | 0.0
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| 72 | """
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| 73 | canvas = self._canvas
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| 74 | self._canvas.update()
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| 75 | width = canvas.winfo_width()
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| 76 | height = canvas.winfo_height()
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| 77 | if width <= 1:
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| 78 | width = canvas['width']
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| 79 | if height <= 1:
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| 80 | height = canvas['height']
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| 81 | self._origin = float(width)/2.0, float(height)/2.0
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| 82 | self._position = self._origin
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| 83 | self._angle = 0.0
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| 84 | self._drawing = 1
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| 85 | self._width = 1
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| 86 | self._color = "black"
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| 87 | self._filling = 0
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| 88 | self._path = []
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| 89 | self.clear()
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| 90 | canvas._root().tkraise()
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| 91 |
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| 92 | def clear(self):
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| 93 | """ Clear the screen. The turtle does not move.
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| 94 |
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| 95 | Example:
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| 96 | >>> turtle.clear()
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| 97 | """
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| 98 | self.fill(0)
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| 99 | canvas = self._canvas
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| 100 | items = self._items
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| 101 | self._items = []
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| 102 | for item in items:
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| 103 | canvas.delete(item)
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| 104 | self._delete_turtle()
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| 105 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 106 |
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| 107 | def tracer(self, flag):
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| 108 | """ Set tracing on if flag is True, and off if it is False.
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| 109 | Tracing means line are drawn more slowly, with an
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| 110 | animation of an arrow along the line.
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| 111 |
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| 112 | Example:
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| 113 | >>> turtle.tracer(False) # turns off Tracer
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| 114 | """
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| 115 | self._tracing = flag
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| 116 | if not self._tracing:
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| 117 | self._delete_turtle()
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| 118 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 119 |
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| 120 | def forward(self, distance):
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| 121 | """ Go forward distance steps.
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| 122 |
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| 123 | Example:
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| 124 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 125 | [0.0, 0.0]
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| 126 | >>> turtle.forward(25)
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| 127 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 128 | [25.0, 0.0]
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| 129 | >>> turtle.forward(-75)
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| 130 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 131 | [-50.0, 0.0]
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| 132 | """
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| 133 | x0, y0 = start = self._position
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| 134 | x1 = x0 + distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian)
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| 135 | y1 = y0 - distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian)
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| 136 | self._goto(x1, y1)
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| 137 |
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| 138 | def backward(self, distance):
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| 139 | """ Go backwards distance steps.
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| 140 |
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| 141 | The turtle's heading does not change.
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| 142 |
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| 143 | Example:
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| 144 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 145 | [0.0, 0.0]
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| 146 | >>> turtle.backward(30)
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| 147 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 148 | [-30.0, 0.0]
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| 149 | """
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| 150 | self.forward(-distance)
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| 151 |
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| 152 | def left(self, angle):
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| 153 | """ Turn left angle units (units are by default degrees,
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| 154 | but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
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| 155 |
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| 156 | When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around
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| 157 | its front tip.
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| 158 |
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| 159 | Example:
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| 160 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 161 | 22
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| 162 | >>> turtle.left(45)
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| 163 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 164 | 67.0
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| 165 | """
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| 166 | self._angle = (self._angle + angle) % self._fullcircle
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| 167 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 168 |
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| 169 | def right(self, angle):
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| 170 | """ Turn right angle units (units are by default degrees,
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| 171 | but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)
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| 172 |
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| 173 | When viewed from above, the turning happens in-place around
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| 174 | its front tip.
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| 175 |
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| 176 | Example:
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| 177 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 178 | 22
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| 179 | >>> turtle.right(45)
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| 180 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 181 | 337.0
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| 182 | """
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| 183 | self.left(-angle)
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| 184 |
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| 185 | def up(self):
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| 186 | """ Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
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| 187 |
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| 188 | Example:
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| 189 | >>> turtle.up()
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| 190 | """
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| 191 | self._drawing = 0
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| 192 |
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| 193 | def down(self):
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| 194 | """ Put the pen down -- draw when moving.
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| 195 |
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| 196 | Example:
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| 197 | >>> turtle.down()
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| 198 | """
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| 199 | self._drawing = 1
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| 200 |
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| 201 | def width(self, width):
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| 202 | """ Set the line to thickness to width.
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| 203 |
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| 204 | Example:
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| 205 | >>> turtle.width(10)
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| 206 | """
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| 207 | self._width = float(width)
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| 208 |
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| 209 | def color(self, *args):
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| 210 | """ Set the pen color.
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| 211 |
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| 212 | Three input formats are allowed:
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| 213 |
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| 214 | color(s)
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| 215 | s is a Tk specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"
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| 216 |
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| 217 | color((r, g, b))
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| 218 | *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,
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| 219 | and each of r, g, and b are in the range [0..1]
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| 220 |
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| 221 | color(r, g, b)
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| 222 | r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b
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| 223 | are in the range [0..1]
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| 224 |
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| 225 | Example:
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| 226 |
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| 227 | >>> turtle.color('brown')
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| 228 | >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
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| 229 | >>> turtle.color(tup)
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| 230 | >>> turtle.color(0, .5, 0)
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| 231 | """
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| 232 | if not args:
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| 233 | raise Error, "no color arguments"
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| 234 | if len(args) == 1:
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| 235 | color = args[0]
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| 236 | if type(color) == type(""):
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| 237 | # Test the color first
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| 238 | try:
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| 239 | id = self._canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0, fill=color)
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| 240 | except Tkinter.TclError:
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| 241 | raise Error, "bad color string: %r" % (color,)
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| 242 | self._set_color(color)
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| 243 | return
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| 244 | try:
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| 245 | r, g, b = color
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| 246 | except:
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| 247 | raise Error, "bad color sequence: %r" % (color,)
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| 248 | else:
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| 249 | try:
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| 250 | r, g, b = args
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| 251 | except:
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| 252 | raise Error, "bad color arguments: %r" % (args,)
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| 253 | assert 0 <= r <= 1
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| 254 | assert 0 <= g <= 1
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| 255 | assert 0 <= b <= 1
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| 256 | x = 255.0
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| 257 | y = 0.5
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| 258 | self._set_color("#%02x%02x%02x" % (int(r*x+y), int(g*x+y), int(b*x+y)))
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| 259 |
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| 260 | def _set_color(self,color):
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| 261 | self._color = color
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| 262 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 263 |
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| 264 | def write(self, text, move=False):
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| 265 | """ Write text at the current pen position.
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| 266 |
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| 267 | If move is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner
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| 268 | of the text. By default, move is False.
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| 269 |
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| 270 | Example:
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| 271 | >>> turtle.write('The race is on!')
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| 272 | >>> turtle.write('Home = (0, 0)', True)
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| 273 | """
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| 274 | x, y = self._position
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| 275 | x = x-1 # correction -- calibrated for Windows
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| 276 | item = self._canvas.create_text(x, y,
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| 277 | text=str(text), anchor="sw",
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| 278 | fill=self._color)
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| 279 | self._items.append(item)
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| 280 | if move:
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| 281 | x0, y0, x1, y1 = self._canvas.bbox(item)
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| 282 | self._goto(x1, y1)
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| 283 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 284 |
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| 285 | def fill(self, flag):
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| 286 | """ Call fill(1) before drawing the shape you
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| 287 | want to fill, and fill(0) when done.
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| 288 |
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| 289 | Example:
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| 290 | >>> turtle.fill(1)
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| 291 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 292 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 293 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 294 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 295 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 296 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 297 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 298 | >>> turtle.fill(0)
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| 299 | """
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| 300 | if self._filling:
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| 301 | path = tuple(self._path)
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| 302 | smooth = self._filling < 0
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| 303 | if len(path) > 2:
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| 304 | item = self._canvas._create('polygon', path,
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| 305 | {'fill': self._color,
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| 306 | 'smooth': smooth})
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| 307 | self._items.append(item)
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| 308 | self._path = []
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| 309 | self._filling = flag
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| 310 | if flag:
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| 311 | self._path.append(self._position)
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| 312 |
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| 313 | def begin_fill(self):
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| 314 | """ Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.
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| 315 | Must eventually be followed by a corresponding end_fill() call.
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| 316 | Otherwise it will be ignored.
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| 317 |
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| 318 | Example:
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| 319 | >>> turtle.begin_fill()
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| 320 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 321 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 322 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 323 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 324 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 325 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 326 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 327 | >>> turtle.end_fill()
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| 328 | """
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| 329 | self._path = [self._position]
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| 330 | self._filling = 1
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| 331 |
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| 332 | def end_fill(self):
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| 333 | """ Called after drawing a shape to be filled.
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| 334 |
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| 335 | Example:
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| 336 | >>> turtle.begin_fill()
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| 337 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 338 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 339 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 340 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 341 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 342 | >>> turtle.left(90)
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| 343 | >>> turtle.forward(100)
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| 344 | >>> turtle.end_fill()
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| 345 | """
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| 346 | self.fill(0)
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| 347 |
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| 348 | def circle(self, radius, extent = None):
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| 349 | """ Draw a circle with given radius.
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| 350 | The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent
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| 351 | determines which part of the circle is drawn. If not given,
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| 352 | the entire circle is drawn.
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| 353 |
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| 354 | If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the
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| 355 | current pen position. The arc is drawn in a counter clockwise
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| 356 | direction if radius is positive, otherwise in a clockwise
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| 357 | direction. In the process, the direction of the turtle is
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| 358 | changed by the amount of the extent.
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| 359 |
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| 360 | >>> turtle.circle(50)
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| 361 | >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # half a circle
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| 362 | """
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| 363 | if extent is None:
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| 364 | extent = self._fullcircle
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| 365 | frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle
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| 366 | steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac)
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| 367 | w = 1.0 * extent / steps
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| 368 | w2 = 0.5 * w
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| 369 | l = 2.0 * radius * sin(w2*self._invradian)
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| 370 | if radius < 0:
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| 371 | l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2
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| 372 | self.left(w2)
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| 373 | for i in range(steps):
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| 374 | self.forward(l)
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| 375 | self.left(w)
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| 376 | self.right(w2)
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| 377 |
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| 378 | def heading(self):
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| 379 | """ Return the turtle's current heading.
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| 380 |
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| 381 | Example:
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| 382 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 383 | 67.0
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| 384 | """
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| 385 | return self._angle
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| 386 |
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| 387 | def setheading(self, angle):
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| 388 | """ Set the turtle facing the given angle.
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| 389 |
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| 390 | Here are some common directions in degrees:
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| 391 |
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| 392 | 0 - east
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| 393 | 90 - north
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| 394 | 180 - west
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| 395 | 270 - south
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| 396 |
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| 397 | Example:
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| 398 | >>> turtle.setheading(90)
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| 399 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 400 | 90
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| 401 | >>> turtle.setheading(128)
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| 402 | >>> turtle.heading()
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| 403 | 128
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| 404 | """
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| 405 | self._angle = angle
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| 406 | self._draw_turtle()
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| 407 |
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| 408 | def window_width(self):
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| 409 | """ Returns the width of the turtle window.
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| 410 |
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| 411 | Example:
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| 412 | >>> turtle.window_width()
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| 413 | 640
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| 414 | """
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| 415 | width = self._canvas.winfo_width()
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| 416 | if width <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
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| 417 | width = self._canvas['width']
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| 418 | return width
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| 419 |
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| 420 | def window_height(self):
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| 421 | """ Return the height of the turtle window.
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| 422 |
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| 423 | Example:
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| 424 | >>> turtle.window_height()
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| 425 | 768
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| 426 | """
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| 427 | height = self._canvas.winfo_height()
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| 428 | if height <= 1: # the window isn't managed by a geometry manager
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| 429 | height = self._canvas['height']
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| 430 | return height
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| 431 |
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| 432 | def position(self):
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| 433 | """ Return the current (x, y) location of the turtle.
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| 434 |
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| 435 | Example:
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| 436 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 437 | [0.0, 240.0]
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| 438 | """
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| 439 | x0, y0 = self._origin
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| 440 | x1, y1 = self._position
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| 441 | return [x1-x0, -y1+y0]
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| 442 |
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| 443 | def setx(self, xpos):
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| 444 | """ Set the turtle's x coordinate to be xpos.
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| 445 |
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| 446 | Example:
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| 447 | >>> turtle.position()
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| 448 | [10.0, 240.0]
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| 449 | >>> turtle.setx(10)
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| 450 | >>> turtle.position()
|
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| 451 | [10.0, 240.0]
|
|---|
| 452 | """
|
|---|
| 453 | x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|---|
| 454 | x1, y1 = self._position
|
|---|
| 455 | self._goto(x0+xpos, y1)
|
|---|
| 456 |
|
|---|
| 457 | def sety(self, ypos):
|
|---|
| 458 | """ Set the turtle's y coordinate to be ypos.
|
|---|
| 459 |
|
|---|
| 460 | Example:
|
|---|
| 461 | >>> turtle.position()
|
|---|
| 462 | [0.0, 0.0]
|
|---|
| 463 | >>> turtle.sety(-22)
|
|---|
| 464 | >>> turtle.position()
|
|---|
| 465 | [0.0, -22.0]
|
|---|
| 466 | """
|
|---|
| 467 | x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|---|
| 468 | x1, y1 = self._position
|
|---|
| 469 | self._goto(x1, y0-ypos)
|
|---|
| 470 |
|
|---|
| 471 | def towards(self, *args):
|
|---|
| 472 | """Returs the angle, which corresponds to the line
|
|---|
| 473 | from turtle-position to point (x,y).
|
|---|
| 474 |
|
|---|
| 475 | Argument can be two coordinates or one pair of coordinates
|
|---|
| 476 | or a RawPen/Pen instance.
|
|---|
| 477 |
|
|---|
| 478 | Example:
|
|---|
| 479 | >>> turtle.position()
|
|---|
| 480 | [10.0, 10.0]
|
|---|
| 481 | >>> turtle.towards(0,0)
|
|---|
| 482 | 225.0
|
|---|
| 483 | """
|
|---|
| 484 | if len(args) == 2:
|
|---|
| 485 | x, y = args
|
|---|
| 486 | else:
|
|---|
| 487 | arg = args[0]
|
|---|
| 488 | if isinstance(arg, RawPen):
|
|---|
| 489 | x, y = arg.position()
|
|---|
| 490 | else:
|
|---|
| 491 | x, y = arg
|
|---|
| 492 | x0, y0 = self.position()
|
|---|
| 493 | dx = x - x0
|
|---|
| 494 | dy = y - y0
|
|---|
| 495 | return (atan2(dy,dx) / self._invradian) % self._fullcircle
|
|---|
| 496 |
|
|---|
| 497 | def goto(self, *args):
|
|---|
| 498 | """ Go to the given point.
|
|---|
| 499 |
|
|---|
| 500 | If the pen is down, then a line will be drawn. The turtle's
|
|---|
| 501 | orientation does not change.
|
|---|
| 502 |
|
|---|
| 503 | Two input formats are accepted:
|
|---|
| 504 |
|
|---|
| 505 | goto(x, y)
|
|---|
| 506 | go to point (x, y)
|
|---|
| 507 |
|
|---|
| 508 | goto((x, y))
|
|---|
| 509 | go to point (x, y)
|
|---|
| 510 |
|
|---|
| 511 | Example:
|
|---|
| 512 | >>> turtle.position()
|
|---|
| 513 | [0.0, 0.0]
|
|---|
| 514 | >>> turtle.goto(50, -45)
|
|---|
| 515 | >>> turtle.position()
|
|---|
| 516 | [50.0, -45.0]
|
|---|
| 517 | """
|
|---|
| 518 | if len(args) == 1:
|
|---|
| 519 | try:
|
|---|
| 520 | x, y = args[0]
|
|---|
| 521 | except:
|
|---|
| 522 | raise Error, "bad point argument: %r" % (args[0],)
|
|---|
| 523 | else:
|
|---|
| 524 | try:
|
|---|
| 525 | x, y = args
|
|---|
| 526 | except:
|
|---|
| 527 | raise Error, "bad coordinates: %r" % (args[0],)
|
|---|
| 528 | x0, y0 = self._origin
|
|---|
| 529 | self._goto(x0+x, y0-y)
|
|---|
| 530 |
|
|---|
| 531 | def _goto(self, x1, y1):
|
|---|
| 532 | x0, y0 = self._position
|
|---|
| 533 | self._position = map(float, (x1, y1))
|
|---|
| 534 | if self._filling:
|
|---|
| 535 | self._path.append(self._position)
|
|---|
| 536 | if self._drawing:
|
|---|
| 537 | if self._tracing:
|
|---|
| 538 | dx = float(x1 - x0)
|
|---|
| 539 | dy = float(y1 - y0)
|
|---|
| 540 | distance = hypot(dx, dy)
|
|---|
| 541 | nhops = int(distance)
|
|---|
| 542 | item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x0, y0,
|
|---|
| 543 | width=self._width,
|
|---|
| 544 | capstyle="round",
|
|---|
| 545 | fill=self._color)
|
|---|
| 546 | try:
|
|---|
| 547 | for i in range(1, 1+nhops):
|
|---|
| 548 | x, y = x0 + dx*i/nhops, y0 + dy*i/nhops
|
|---|
| 549 | self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x, y)
|
|---|
| 550 | self._draw_turtle((x,y))
|
|---|
| 551 | self._canvas.update()
|
|---|
| 552 | self._canvas.after(self._delay)
|
|---|
| 553 | # in case nhops==0
|
|---|
| 554 | self._canvas.coords(item, x0, y0, x1, y1)
|
|---|
| 555 | self._canvas.itemconfigure(item, arrow="none")
|
|---|
| 556 | except Tkinter.TclError:
|
|---|
| 557 | # Probably the window was closed!
|
|---|
| 558 | return
|
|---|
| 559 | else:
|
|---|
| 560 | item = self._canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1,
|
|---|
| 561 | width=self._width,
|
|---|
| 562 | capstyle="round",
|
|---|
| 563 | fill=self._color)
|
|---|
| 564 | self._items.append(item)
|
|---|
| 565 | self._draw_turtle()
|
|---|
| 566 |
|
|---|
| 567 | def speed(self, speed):
|
|---|
| 568 | """ Set the turtle's speed.
|
|---|
| 569 |
|
|---|
| 570 | speed must one of these five strings:
|
|---|
| 571 |
|
|---|
| 572 | 'fastest' is a 0 ms delay
|
|---|
| 573 | 'fast' is a 5 ms delay
|
|---|
| 574 | 'normal' is a 10 ms delay
|
|---|
| 575 | 'slow' is a 15 ms delay
|
|---|
| 576 | 'slowest' is a 20 ms delay
|
|---|
| 577 |
|
|---|
| 578 | Example:
|
|---|
| 579 | >>> turtle.speed('slow')
|
|---|
| 580 | """
|
|---|
| 581 | try:
|
|---|
| 582 | speed = speed.strip().lower()
|
|---|
| 583 | self._delay = speeds.index(speed) * 5
|
|---|
| 584 | except:
|
|---|
| 585 | raise ValueError("%r is not a valid speed. speed must be "
|
|---|
| 586 | "one of %s" % (speed, speeds))
|
|---|
| 587 |
|
|---|
| 588 |
|
|---|
| 589 | def delay(self, delay):
|
|---|
| 590 | """ Set the drawing delay in milliseconds.
|
|---|
| 591 |
|
|---|
| 592 | This is intended to allow finer control of the drawing speed
|
|---|
| 593 | than the speed() method
|
|---|
| 594 |
|
|---|
| 595 | Example:
|
|---|
| 596 | >>> turtle.delay(15)
|
|---|
| 597 | """
|
|---|
| 598 | if int(delay) < 0:
|
|---|
| 599 | raise ValueError("delay must be greater than or equal to 0")
|
|---|
| 600 | self._delay = int(delay)
|
|---|
| 601 |
|
|---|
| 602 | def _draw_turtle(self, position=[]):
|
|---|
| 603 | if not self._tracing:
|
|---|
| 604 | self._canvas.update()
|
|---|
| 605 | return
|
|---|
| 606 | if position == []:
|
|---|
| 607 | position = self._position
|
|---|
| 608 | x,y = position
|
|---|
| 609 | distance = 8
|
|---|
| 610 | dx = distance * cos(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|---|
| 611 | dy = distance * sin(self._angle*self._invradian)
|
|---|
| 612 | self._delete_turtle()
|
|---|
| 613 | self._arrow = self._canvas.create_line(x-dx,y+dy,x,y,
|
|---|
| 614 | width=self._width,
|
|---|
| 615 | arrow="last",
|
|---|
| 616 | capstyle="round",
|
|---|
| 617 | fill=self._color)
|
|---|
| 618 | self._canvas.update()
|
|---|
| 619 |
|
|---|
| 620 | def _delete_turtle(self):
|
|---|
| 621 | if self._arrow != 0:
|
|---|
| 622 | self._canvas.delete(self._arrow)
|
|---|
| 623 | self._arrow = 0
|
|---|
| 624 |
|
|---|
| 625 |
|
|---|
| 626 | _root = None
|
|---|
| 627 | _canvas = None
|
|---|
| 628 | _pen = None
|
|---|
| 629 | _width = 0.50 # 50% of window width
|
|---|
| 630 | _height = 0.75 # 75% of window height
|
|---|
| 631 | _startx = None
|
|---|
| 632 | _starty = None
|
|---|
| 633 | _title = "Turtle Graphics" # default title
|
|---|
| 634 |
|
|---|
| 635 | class Pen(RawPen):
|
|---|
| 636 |
|
|---|
| 637 | def __init__(self):
|
|---|
| 638 | global _root, _canvas
|
|---|
| 639 | if _root is None:
|
|---|
| 640 | _root = Tkinter.Tk()
|
|---|
| 641 | _root.wm_protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self._destroy)
|
|---|
| 642 | _root.title(_title)
|
|---|
| 643 |
|
|---|
| 644 | if _canvas is None:
|
|---|
| 645 | # XXX Should have scroll bars
|
|---|
| 646 | _canvas = Tkinter.Canvas(_root, background="white")
|
|---|
| 647 | _canvas.pack(expand=1, fill="both")
|
|---|
| 648 |
|
|---|
| 649 | setup(width=_width, height= _height, startx=_startx, starty=_starty)
|
|---|
| 650 |
|
|---|
| 651 | RawPen.__init__(self, _canvas)
|
|---|
| 652 |
|
|---|
| 653 | def _destroy(self):
|
|---|
| 654 | global _root, _canvas, _pen
|
|---|
| 655 | root = self._canvas._root()
|
|---|
| 656 | if root is _root:
|
|---|
| 657 | _pen = None
|
|---|
| 658 | _root = None
|
|---|
| 659 | _canvas = None
|
|---|
| 660 | root.destroy()
|
|---|
| 661 |
|
|---|
| 662 | def _getpen():
|
|---|
| 663 | global _pen
|
|---|
| 664 | if not _pen:
|
|---|
| 665 | _pen = Pen()
|
|---|
| 666 | return _pen
|
|---|
| 667 |
|
|---|
| 668 | class Turtle(Pen):
|
|---|
| 669 | pass
|
|---|
| 670 |
|
|---|
| 671 | """For documentation of the following functions see
|
|---|
| 672 | the RawPen methods with the same names
|
|---|
| 673 | """
|
|---|
| 674 |
|
|---|
| 675 | def degrees(): _getpen().degrees()
|
|---|
| 676 | def radians(): _getpen().radians()
|
|---|
| 677 | def reset(): _getpen().reset()
|
|---|
| 678 | def clear(): _getpen().clear()
|
|---|
| 679 | def tracer(flag): _getpen().tracer(flag)
|
|---|
| 680 | def forward(distance): _getpen().forward(distance)
|
|---|
| 681 | def backward(distance): _getpen().backward(distance)
|
|---|
| 682 | def left(angle): _getpen().left(angle)
|
|---|
| 683 | def right(angle): _getpen().right(angle)
|
|---|
| 684 | def up(): _getpen().up()
|
|---|
| 685 | def down(): _getpen().down()
|
|---|
| 686 | def width(width): _getpen().width(width)
|
|---|
| 687 | def color(*args): _getpen().color(*args)
|
|---|
| 688 | def write(arg, move=0): _getpen().write(arg, move)
|
|---|
| 689 | def fill(flag): _getpen().fill(flag)
|
|---|
| 690 | def begin_fill(): _getpen().begin_fill()
|
|---|
| 691 | def end_fill(): _getpen().end_fill()
|
|---|
| 692 | def circle(radius, extent=None): _getpen().circle(radius, extent)
|
|---|
| 693 | def goto(*args): _getpen().goto(*args)
|
|---|
| 694 | def heading(): return _getpen().heading()
|
|---|
| 695 | def setheading(angle): _getpen().setheading(angle)
|
|---|
| 696 | def position(): return _getpen().position()
|
|---|
| 697 | def window_width(): return _getpen().window_width()
|
|---|
| 698 | def window_height(): return _getpen().window_height()
|
|---|
| 699 | def setx(xpos): _getpen().setx(xpos)
|
|---|
| 700 | def sety(ypos): _getpen().sety(ypos)
|
|---|
| 701 | def towards(*args): return _getpen().towards(*args)
|
|---|
| 702 |
|
|---|
| 703 | def done(): _root.mainloop()
|
|---|
| 704 | def delay(delay): return _getpen().delay(delay)
|
|---|
| 705 | def speed(speed): return _getpen().speed(speed)
|
|---|
| 706 |
|
|---|
| 707 | for methodname in dir(RawPen):
|
|---|
| 708 | """ copies RawPen docstrings to module functions of same name """
|
|---|
| 709 | if not methodname.startswith("_"):
|
|---|
| 710 | eval(methodname).__doc__ = RawPen.__dict__[methodname].__doc__
|
|---|
| 711 |
|
|---|
| 712 |
|
|---|
| 713 | def setup(**geometry):
|
|---|
| 714 | """ Sets the size and position of the main window.
|
|---|
| 715 |
|
|---|
| 716 | Keywords are width, height, startx and starty:
|
|---|
| 717 |
|
|---|
| 718 | width: either a size in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
|
|---|
| 719 | Default is 50% of screen.
|
|---|
| 720 | height: either the height in pixels or a fraction of the screen.
|
|---|
| 721 | Default is 75% of screen.
|
|---|
| 722 |
|
|---|
| 723 | Setting either width or height to None before drawing will force
|
|---|
| 724 | use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py
|
|---|
| 725 |
|
|---|
| 726 | startx: starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen.
|
|---|
| 727 | Default is to center window. Setting startx to None is the default
|
|---|
| 728 | and centers window horizontally on screen.
|
|---|
| 729 |
|
|---|
| 730 | starty: starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen.
|
|---|
| 731 | Default is to center window. Setting starty to None is the default
|
|---|
| 732 | and centers window vertically on screen.
|
|---|
| 733 |
|
|---|
| 734 | Examples:
|
|---|
| 735 | >>> setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
|
|---|
| 736 |
|
|---|
| 737 | sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
|
|---|
| 738 |
|
|---|
| 739 | >>> setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
|
|---|
| 740 |
|
|---|
| 741 | sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers
|
|---|
| 742 |
|
|---|
| 743 | >>> setup(width=None)
|
|---|
| 744 |
|
|---|
| 745 | forces use of default geometry as in older versions of turtle.py
|
|---|
| 746 | """
|
|---|
| 747 |
|
|---|
| 748 | global _width, _height, _startx, _starty
|
|---|
| 749 |
|
|---|
| 750 | width = geometry.get('width',_width)
|
|---|
| 751 | if width >= 0 or width == None:
|
|---|
| 752 | _width = width
|
|---|
| 753 | else:
|
|---|
| 754 | raise ValueError, "width can not be less than 0"
|
|---|
| 755 |
|
|---|
| 756 | height = geometry.get('height',_height)
|
|---|
| 757 | if height >= 0 or height == None:
|
|---|
| 758 | _height = height
|
|---|
| 759 | else:
|
|---|
| 760 | raise ValueError, "height can not be less than 0"
|
|---|
| 761 |
|
|---|
| 762 | startx = geometry.get('startx', _startx)
|
|---|
| 763 | if startx >= 0 or startx == None:
|
|---|
| 764 | _startx = _startx
|
|---|
| 765 | else:
|
|---|
| 766 | raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0"
|
|---|
| 767 |
|
|---|
| 768 | starty = geometry.get('starty', _starty)
|
|---|
| 769 | if starty >= 0 or starty == None:
|
|---|
| 770 | _starty = starty
|
|---|
| 771 | else:
|
|---|
| 772 | raise ValueError, "startx can not be less than 0"
|
|---|
| 773 |
|
|---|
| 774 |
|
|---|
| 775 | if _root and _width and _height:
|
|---|
| 776 | if 0 < _width <= 1:
|
|---|
| 777 | _width = _root.winfo_screenwidth() * +width
|
|---|
| 778 | if 0 < _height <= 1:
|
|---|
| 779 | _height = _root.winfo_screenheight() * _height
|
|---|
| 780 |
|
|---|
| 781 | # center window on screen
|
|---|
| 782 | if _startx is None:
|
|---|
| 783 | _startx = (_root.winfo_screenwidth() - _width) / 2
|
|---|
| 784 |
|
|---|
| 785 | if _starty is None:
|
|---|
| 786 | _starty = (_root.winfo_screenheight() - _height) / 2
|
|---|
| 787 |
|
|---|
| 788 | _root.geometry("%dx%d+%d+%d" % (_width, _height, _startx, _starty))
|
|---|
| 789 |
|
|---|
| 790 | def title(title):
|
|---|
| 791 | """Set the window title.
|
|---|
| 792 |
|
|---|
| 793 | By default this is set to 'Turtle Graphics'
|
|---|
| 794 |
|
|---|
| 795 | Example:
|
|---|
| 796 | >>> title("My Window")
|
|---|
| 797 | """
|
|---|
| 798 |
|
|---|
| 799 | global _title
|
|---|
| 800 | _title = title
|
|---|
| 801 |
|
|---|
| 802 | def demo():
|
|---|
| 803 | reset()
|
|---|
| 804 | tracer(1)
|
|---|
| 805 | up()
|
|---|
| 806 | backward(100)
|
|---|
| 807 | down()
|
|---|
| 808 | # draw 3 squares; the last filled
|
|---|
| 809 | width(3)
|
|---|
| 810 | for i in range(3):
|
|---|
| 811 | if i == 2:
|
|---|
| 812 | fill(1)
|
|---|
| 813 | for j in range(4):
|
|---|
| 814 | forward(20)
|
|---|
| 815 | left(90)
|
|---|
| 816 | if i == 2:
|
|---|
| 817 | color("maroon")
|
|---|
| 818 | fill(0)
|
|---|
| 819 | up()
|
|---|
| 820 | forward(30)
|
|---|
| 821 | down()
|
|---|
| 822 | width(1)
|
|---|
| 823 | color("black")
|
|---|
| 824 | # move out of the way
|
|---|
| 825 | tracer(0)
|
|---|
| 826 | up()
|
|---|
| 827 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 828 | forward(100)
|
|---|
| 829 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 830 | forward(100)
|
|---|
| 831 | right(180)
|
|---|
| 832 | down()
|
|---|
| 833 | # some text
|
|---|
| 834 | write("startstart", 1)
|
|---|
| 835 | write("start", 1)
|
|---|
| 836 | color("red")
|
|---|
| 837 | # staircase
|
|---|
| 838 | for i in range(5):
|
|---|
| 839 | forward(20)
|
|---|
| 840 | left(90)
|
|---|
| 841 | forward(20)
|
|---|
| 842 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 843 | # filled staircase
|
|---|
| 844 | fill(1)
|
|---|
| 845 | for i in range(5):
|
|---|
| 846 | forward(20)
|
|---|
| 847 | left(90)
|
|---|
| 848 | forward(20)
|
|---|
| 849 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 850 | fill(0)
|
|---|
| 851 | tracer(1)
|
|---|
| 852 | # more text
|
|---|
| 853 | write("end")
|
|---|
| 854 |
|
|---|
| 855 | def demo2():
|
|---|
| 856 | # exercises some new and improved features
|
|---|
| 857 | speed('fast')
|
|---|
| 858 | width(3)
|
|---|
| 859 |
|
|---|
| 860 | # draw a segmented half-circle
|
|---|
| 861 | setheading(towards(0,0))
|
|---|
| 862 | x,y = position()
|
|---|
| 863 | r = (x**2+y**2)**.5/2.0
|
|---|
| 864 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 865 | pendown = True
|
|---|
| 866 | for i in range(18):
|
|---|
| 867 | if pendown:
|
|---|
| 868 | up()
|
|---|
| 869 | pendown = False
|
|---|
| 870 | else:
|
|---|
| 871 | down()
|
|---|
| 872 | pendown = True
|
|---|
| 873 | circle(r,10)
|
|---|
| 874 | sleep(2)
|
|---|
| 875 |
|
|---|
| 876 | reset()
|
|---|
| 877 | left(90)
|
|---|
| 878 |
|
|---|
| 879 | # draw a series of triangles
|
|---|
| 880 | l = 10
|
|---|
| 881 | color("green")
|
|---|
| 882 | width(3)
|
|---|
| 883 | left(180)
|
|---|
| 884 | sp = 5
|
|---|
| 885 | for i in range(-2,16):
|
|---|
| 886 | if i > 0:
|
|---|
| 887 | color(1.0-0.05*i,0,0.05*i)
|
|---|
| 888 | fill(1)
|
|---|
| 889 | color("green")
|
|---|
| 890 | for j in range(3):
|
|---|
| 891 | forward(l)
|
|---|
| 892 | left(120)
|
|---|
| 893 | l += 10
|
|---|
| 894 | left(15)
|
|---|
| 895 | if sp > 0:
|
|---|
| 896 | sp = sp-1
|
|---|
| 897 | speed(speeds[sp])
|
|---|
| 898 | color(0.25,0,0.75)
|
|---|
| 899 | fill(0)
|
|---|
| 900 |
|
|---|
| 901 | # draw and fill a concave shape
|
|---|
| 902 | left(120)
|
|---|
| 903 | up()
|
|---|
| 904 | forward(70)
|
|---|
| 905 | right(30)
|
|---|
| 906 | down()
|
|---|
| 907 | color("red")
|
|---|
| 908 | speed("fastest")
|
|---|
| 909 | fill(1)
|
|---|
| 910 | for i in range(4):
|
|---|
| 911 | circle(50,90)
|
|---|
| 912 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 913 | forward(30)
|
|---|
| 914 | right(90)
|
|---|
| 915 | color("yellow")
|
|---|
| 916 | fill(0)
|
|---|
| 917 | left(90)
|
|---|
| 918 | up()
|
|---|
| 919 | forward(30)
|
|---|
| 920 | down();
|
|---|
| 921 |
|
|---|
| 922 | color("red")
|
|---|
| 923 |
|
|---|
| 924 | # create a second turtle and make the original pursue and catch it
|
|---|
| 925 | turtle=Turtle()
|
|---|
| 926 | turtle.reset()
|
|---|
| 927 | turtle.left(90)
|
|---|
| 928 | turtle.speed('normal')
|
|---|
| 929 | turtle.up()
|
|---|
| 930 | turtle.goto(280,40)
|
|---|
| 931 | turtle.left(24)
|
|---|
| 932 | turtle.down()
|
|---|
| 933 | turtle.speed('fast')
|
|---|
| 934 | turtle.color("blue")
|
|---|
| 935 | turtle.width(2)
|
|---|
| 936 | speed('fastest')
|
|---|
| 937 |
|
|---|
| 938 | # turn default turtle towards new turtle object
|
|---|
| 939 | setheading(towards(turtle))
|
|---|
| 940 | while ( abs(position()[0]-turtle.position()[0])>4 or
|
|---|
| 941 | abs(position()[1]-turtle.position()[1])>4):
|
|---|
| 942 | turtle.forward(3.5)
|
|---|
| 943 | turtle.left(0.6)
|
|---|
| 944 | # turn default turtle towards new turtle object
|
|---|
| 945 | setheading(towards(turtle))
|
|---|
| 946 | forward(4)
|
|---|
| 947 | write("CAUGHT! ", move=True)
|
|---|
| 948 |
|
|---|
| 949 |
|
|---|
| 950 |
|
|---|
| 951 | if __name__ == '__main__':
|
|---|
| 952 | from time import sleep
|
|---|
| 953 | demo()
|
|---|
| 954 | sleep(3)
|
|---|
| 955 | demo2()
|
|---|
| 956 | done()
|
|---|
