| 1 | #! /usr/bin/env python
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| 2 | """Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
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| 3 |
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| 4 | import os
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| 5 | import sys
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| 6 | import stat
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| 7 | import subprocess
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| 8 | import time
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| 9 |
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| 10 | __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
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| 11 |
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| 12 | class Error(Exception):
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| 13 | pass
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| 14 |
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| 15 | _browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
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| 16 | _tryorder = [] # Preference order of available browsers
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| 17 |
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| 18 | def register(name, klass, instance=None, update_tryorder=1):
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| 19 | """Register a browser connector and, optionally, connection."""
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| 20 | _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
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| 21 | if update_tryorder > 0:
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| 22 | _tryorder.append(name)
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| 23 | elif update_tryorder < 0:
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| 24 | _tryorder.insert(0, name)
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| 25 |
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| 26 | def get(using=None):
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| 27 | """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
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| 28 | if using is not None:
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| 29 | alternatives = [using]
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| 30 | else:
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| 31 | alternatives = _tryorder
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| 32 | for browser in alternatives:
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| 33 | if '%s' in browser:
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| 34 | # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
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| 35 | return GenericBrowser(browser.split())
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| 36 | else:
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| 37 | # User gave us a browser name or path.
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| 38 | try:
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| 39 | command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
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| 40 | except KeyError:
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| 41 | command = _synthesize(browser)
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| 42 | if command[1] is not None:
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| 43 | return command[1]
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| 44 | elif command[0] is not None:
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| 45 | return command[0]()
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| 46 | raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
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| 47 |
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| 48 | # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
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| 49 | # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
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| 50 | # instead of "from webbrowser import *".
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| 51 |
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| 52 | def open(url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 53 | for name in _tryorder:
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| 54 | browser = get(name)
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| 55 | if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
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| 56 | return True
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| 57 | return False
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| 58 |
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| 59 | def open_new(url):
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| 60 | return open(url, 1)
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| 61 |
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| 62 | def open_new_tab(url):
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| 63 | return open(url, 2)
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| 64 |
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| 65 |
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| 66 | def _synthesize(browser, update_tryorder=1):
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| 67 | """Attempt to synthesize a controller base on existing controllers.
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| 68 |
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| 69 | This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
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| 70 | an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
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| 71 | controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
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| 72 | browser in this way.
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| 73 |
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| 74 | If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
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| 75 | executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
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| 76 |
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| 77 | """
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| 78 | cmd = browser.split()[0]
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| 79 | if not _iscommand(cmd):
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| 80 | return [None, None]
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| 81 | name = os.path.basename(cmd)
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| 82 | try:
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| 83 | command = _browsers[name.lower()]
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| 84 | except KeyError:
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| 85 | return [None, None]
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| 86 | # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
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| 87 | controller = command[1]
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| 88 | if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
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| 89 | import copy
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| 90 | controller = copy.copy(controller)
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| 91 | controller.name = browser
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| 92 | controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
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| 93 | register(browser, None, controller, update_tryorder)
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| 94 | return [None, controller]
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| 95 | return [None, None]
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| 96 |
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| 97 |
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| 98 | if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
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| 99 | def _isexecutable(cmd):
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| 100 | cmd = cmd.lower()
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| 101 | if os.path.isfile(cmd) and cmd.endswith((".exe", ".bat")):
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| 102 | return True
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| 103 | for ext in ".exe", ".bat":
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| 104 | if os.path.isfile(cmd + ext):
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| 105 | return True
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| 106 | return False
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| 107 | else:
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| 108 | def _isexecutable(cmd):
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| 109 | if os.path.isfile(cmd):
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| 110 | mode = os.stat(cmd)[stat.ST_MODE]
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| 111 | if mode & stat.S_IXUSR or mode & stat.S_IXGRP or mode & stat.S_IXOTH:
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| 112 | return True
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| 113 | return False
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| 114 |
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| 115 | def _iscommand(cmd):
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| 116 | """Return True if cmd is executable or can be found on the executable
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| 117 | search path."""
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| 118 | if _isexecutable(cmd):
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| 119 | return True
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| 120 | path = os.environ.get("PATH")
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| 121 | if not path:
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| 122 | return False
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| 123 | for d in path.split(os.pathsep):
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| 124 | exe = os.path.join(d, cmd)
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| 125 | if _isexecutable(exe):
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| 126 | return True
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| 127 | return False
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| 128 |
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| 129 |
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| 130 | # General parent classes
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| 131 |
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| 132 | class BaseBrowser(object):
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| 133 | """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
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| 134 |
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| 135 | args = ['%s']
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| 136 |
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| 137 | def __init__(self, name=""):
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| 138 | self.name = name
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| 139 | self.basename = name
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| 140 |
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| 141 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 142 | raise NotImplementedError
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| 143 |
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| 144 | def open_new(self, url):
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| 145 | return self.open(url, 1)
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| 146 |
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| 147 | def open_new_tab(self, url):
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| 148 | return self.open(url, 2)
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| 149 |
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| 150 |
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| 151 | class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
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| 152 | """Class for all browsers started with a command
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| 153 | and without remote functionality."""
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| 154 |
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| 155 | def __init__(self, name):
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| 156 | if isinstance(name, basestring):
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| 157 | self.name = name
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| 158 | else:
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| 159 | # name should be a list with arguments
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| 160 | self.name = name[0]
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| 161 | self.args = name[1:]
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| 162 | self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
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| 163 |
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| 164 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 165 | cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
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| 166 | for arg in self.args]
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| 167 | try:
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| 168 | p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
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| 169 | return not p.wait()
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| 170 | except OSError:
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| 171 | return False
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| 172 |
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| 173 |
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| 174 | class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
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| 175 | """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
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| 176 | background."""
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| 177 |
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| 178 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 179 | cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
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| 180 | for arg in self.args]
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| 181 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
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| 182 | if not setsid:
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| 183 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
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| 184 | try:
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| 185 | p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, preexec_fn=setsid)
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| 186 | return (p.poll() is None)
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| 187 | except OSError:
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| 188 | return False
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| 189 |
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| 190 |
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| 191 | class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
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| 192 | """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
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| 193 |
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| 194 | raise_opts = None
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| 195 | remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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| 196 | remote_action = None
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| 197 | remote_action_newwin = None
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| 198 | remote_action_newtab = None
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| 199 | background = False
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| 200 | redirect_stdout = True
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| 201 |
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| 202 | def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
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| 203 | raise_opt = []
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| 204 | if remote and self.raise_opts:
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| 205 | # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
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| 206 | autoraise = int(bool(autoraise))
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| 207 | opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
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| 208 | if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
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| 209 |
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| 210 | cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
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| 211 |
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| 212 | if remote or self.background:
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| 213 | inout = file(os.devnull, "r+")
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| 214 | else:
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| 215 | # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
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| 216 | inout = None
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| 217 | # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
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| 218 | # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
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| 219 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
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| 220 | if not setsid:
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| 221 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
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| 222 |
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| 223 | p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
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| 224 | stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
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| 225 | stderr=inout, preexec_fn=setsid)
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| 226 | if remote:
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| 227 | # wait five secons. If the subprocess is not finished, the
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| 228 | # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
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| 229 | time.sleep(1)
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| 230 | rc = p.poll()
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| 231 | if rc is None:
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| 232 | time.sleep(4)
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| 233 | rc = p.poll()
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| 234 | if rc is None:
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| 235 | return True
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| 236 | # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
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| 237 | return not rc
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| 238 | elif self.background:
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| 239 | if p.poll() is None:
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| 240 | return True
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| 241 | else:
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| 242 | return False
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| 243 | else:
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| 244 | return not p.wait()
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| 245 |
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| 246 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 247 | if new == 0:
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| 248 | action = self.remote_action
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| 249 | elif new == 1:
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| 250 | action = self.remote_action_newwin
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| 251 | elif new == 2:
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| 252 | if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
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| 253 | action = self.remote_action_newwin
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| 254 | else:
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| 255 | action = self.remote_action_newtab
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| 256 | else:
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| 257 | raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
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| 258 | "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
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| 259 |
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| 260 | args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
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| 261 | for arg in self.remote_args]
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| 262 | success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
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| 263 | if not success:
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| 264 | # remote invocation failed, try straight way
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| 265 | args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
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| 266 | return self._invoke(args, False, False)
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| 267 | else:
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| 268 | return True
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| 269 |
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| 270 |
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| 271 | class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
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| 272 | """Launcher class for Mozilla/Netscape browsers."""
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| 273 |
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| 274 | raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
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| 275 |
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| 276 | remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
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| 277 | remote_action = ""
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| 278 | remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
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| 279 | remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
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| 280 |
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| 281 | background = True
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| 282 |
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| 283 | Netscape = Mozilla
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| 284 |
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| 285 |
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| 286 | class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
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| 287 | """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
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| 288 |
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| 289 | raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
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| 290 | remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
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| 291 | remote_action = "-n"
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| 292 | remote_action_newwin = "-w"
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| 293 |
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| 294 | background = True
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| 295 |
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| 296 |
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| 297 | class Opera(UnixBrowser):
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| 298 | "Launcher class for Opera browser."
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| 299 |
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| 300 | raise_opts = ["", "-raise"]
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| 301 |
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| 302 | remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
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| 303 | remote_action = ""
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| 304 | remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
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| 305 | remote_action_newtab = ",new-page"
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| 306 | background = True
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| 307 |
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| 308 |
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| 309 | class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
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| 310 | "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
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| 311 |
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| 312 | remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
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| 313 | remote_action = ""
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| 314 | remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
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| 315 | remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
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| 316 | background = False
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| 317 |
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| 318 | # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
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| 319 | # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
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| 320 | redirect_stdout = False
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| 321 |
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| 322 |
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| 323 | class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
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| 324 | """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
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| 325 |
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| 326 | See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
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| 327 | for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
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| 328 | """
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| 329 |
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| 330 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 331 | # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
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| 332 | if new == 2:
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| 333 | action = "newTab"
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| 334 | else:
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| 335 | action = "openURL"
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| 336 |
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| 337 | devnull = file(os.devnull, "r+")
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| 338 | # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
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| 339 | # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
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| 340 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
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| 341 | if not setsid:
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| 342 | setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
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| 343 |
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| 344 | try:
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| 345 | p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
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| 346 | close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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| 347 | stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
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| 348 | except OSError:
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| 349 | # fall through to next variant
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| 350 | pass
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| 351 | else:
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| 352 | p.wait()
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| 353 | # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
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| 354 | return True
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| 355 |
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| 356 | try:
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| 357 | p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
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| 358 | close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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| 359 | stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
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| 360 | preexec_fn=setsid)
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| 361 | except OSError:
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| 362 | # fall through to next variant
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| 363 | pass
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| 364 | else:
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| 365 | if p.poll() is None:
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| 366 | # Should be running now.
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| 367 | return True
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| 368 |
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| 369 | try:
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| 370 | p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
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| 371 | close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
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| 372 | stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
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| 373 | preexec_fn=setsid)
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| 374 | except OSError:
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| 375 | return False
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| 376 | else:
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| 377 | return (p.poll() is None)
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| 378 |
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| 379 |
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| 380 | class Grail(BaseBrowser):
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| 381 | # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
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| 382 | # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
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| 383 | # point. It probably never will!
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| 384 | def _find_grail_rc(self):
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| 385 | import glob
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| 386 | import pwd
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| 387 | import socket
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| 388 | import tempfile
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| 389 | tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
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| 390 | ".grail-unix")
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| 391 | user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
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| 392 | filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
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| 393 | maybes = glob.glob(filename)
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| 394 | if not maybes:
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| 395 | return None
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| 396 | s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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| 397 | for fn in maybes:
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| 398 | # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
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| 399 | try:
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| 400 | s.connect(fn)
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| 401 | except socket.error:
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| 402 | # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
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| 403 | try:
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| 404 | os.unlink(fn)
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| 405 | except IOError:
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| 406 | pass
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| 407 | else:
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| 408 | return s
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| 409 |
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| 410 | def _remote(self, action):
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| 411 | s = self._find_grail_rc()
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| 412 | if not s:
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| 413 | return 0
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| 414 | s.send(action)
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| 415 | s.close()
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| 416 | return 1
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| 417 |
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| 418 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 419 | if new:
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| 420 | ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
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| 421 | else:
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| 422 | ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
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| 423 | return ok
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| 424 |
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| 425 |
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| 426 | #
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| 427 | # Platform support for Unix
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| 428 | #
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| 429 |
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| 430 | # These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
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| 431 | # a console terminal or an X display to run.
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| 432 |
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| 433 | def register_X_browsers():
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| 434 | # The default Gnome browser
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| 435 | if _iscommand("gconftool-2"):
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| 436 | # get the web browser string from gconftool
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| 437 | gc = 'gconftool-2 -g /desktop/gnome/url-handlers/http/command 2>/dev/null'
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| 438 | out = os.popen(gc)
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| 439 | commd = out.read().strip()
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| 440 | retncode = out.close()
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| 441 |
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| 442 | # if successful, register it
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| 443 | if retncode is None and commd:
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| 444 | register("gnome", None, BackgroundBrowser(commd))
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| 445 |
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| 446 | # First, the Mozilla/Netscape browsers
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| 447 | for browser in ("mozilla-firefox", "firefox",
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| 448 | "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
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| 449 | "seamonkey", "mozilla", "netscape"):
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| 450 | if _iscommand(browser):
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| 451 | register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
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| 452 |
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| 453 | # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
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| 454 | if _iscommand("kfm"):
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| 455 | register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
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| 456 | elif _iscommand("konqueror"):
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| 457 | register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
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| 458 |
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| 459 | # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
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| 460 | for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
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| 461 | if _iscommand(browser):
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| 462 | register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
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| 463 |
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| 464 | # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
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| 465 | if _iscommand("skipstone"):
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| 466 | register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
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| 467 |
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| 468 | # Opera, quite popular
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| 469 | if _iscommand("opera"):
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| 470 | register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
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| 471 |
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| 472 | # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
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| 473 | if _iscommand("mosaic"):
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| 474 | register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
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| 475 |
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| 476 | # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
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| 477 | if _iscommand("grail"):
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| 478 | register("grail", Grail, None)
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| 479 |
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| 480 | # Prefer X browsers if present
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| 481 | if os.environ.get("DISPLAY"):
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| 482 | register_X_browsers()
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| 483 |
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| 484 | # Also try console browsers
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| 485 | if os.environ.get("TERM"):
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| 486 | # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
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| 487 | if _iscommand("links"):
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| 488 | register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
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| 489 | if _iscommand("elinks"):
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| 490 | register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
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| 491 | # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
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| 492 | if _iscommand("lynx"):
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| 493 | register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
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| 494 | # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
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| 495 | if _iscommand("w3m"):
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| 496 | register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
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| 497 |
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| 498 | #
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| 499 | # Platform support for Windows
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| 500 | #
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| 501 |
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| 502 | if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
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| 503 | class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
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| 504 | def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
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| 505 | os.startfile(url)
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| 506 | return True # Oh, my...
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| 507 |
|
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| 508 | _tryorder = []
|
|---|
| 509 | _browsers = {}
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|---|
| 510 | # Prefer mozilla/netscape/opera if present
|
|---|
| 511 | for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
|
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| 512 | "netscape", "opera"):
|
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| 513 | if _iscommand(browser):
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