source: trunk/essentials/dev-lang/perl/pod/perltrap.pod@ 3280

=head1 NAME

perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The biggest trap of all is forgetting to C<use warnings> or use the B<-w>
switch; see L<perllexwarn> and L<perlrun>. The second biggest trap is not
making your entire program runnable under C<use strict>.  The third biggest
trap is not reading the list of changes in this version of Perl; see
L<perldelta>.

=head2 Awk Traps

Accustomed B<awk> users should take special note of the following:

=over 4

=item *

A Perl program executes only once, not once for each input line.  You can
do an implicit loop with C<-n> or C<-p>.

=item *

The English module, loaded via

    use English;

allows you to refer to special variables (like C<$/>) with names (like
$RS), as though they were in B<awk>; see L<perlvar> for details.

=item *

Semicolons are required after all simple statements in Perl (except
at the end of a block).  Newline is not a statement delimiter.

=item *

Curly brackets are required on C<if>s and C<while>s.

=item *

Variables begin with "$", "@" or "%" in Perl.

=item *

Arrays index from 0.  Likewise string positions in substr() and
index().

=item *

You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices.

=item *

Hash values do not spring into existence upon mere reference.

=item *

You have to decide whether you want to use string or numeric
comparisons.

=item *

Reading an input line does not split it for you.  You get to split it
to an array yourself.  And the split() operator has different
arguments than B<awk>'s.

=item *

The current input line is normally in $_, not $0.  It generally does
not have the newline stripped.  ($0 is the name of the program
executed.)  See L<perlvar>.

=item *

$<I<digit>> does not refer to fields--it refers to substrings matched
by the last match pattern.

=item *

The print() statement does not add field and record separators unless
you set C<$,> and C<$\>.  You can set $OFS and $ORS if you're using
the English module.

=item *

You must open your files before you print to them.

=item *

The range operator is "..", not comma.  The comma operator works as in
C.

=item *

The match operator is "=~", not "~".  ("~" is the one's complement
operator, as in C.)

=item *

The exponentiation operator is "**", not "^".  "^" is the XOR
operator, as in C.  (You know, one could get the feeling that B<awk> is
basically incompatible with C.)

=item *

The concatenation operator is ".", not the null string.  (Using the
null string would render C</pat/ /pat/> unparsable, because the third slash
would be interpreted as a division operator--the tokenizer is in fact
slightly context sensitive for operators like "/", "?", and ">".
And in fact, "." itself can be the beginning of a number.)

=item *

The C<next>, C<exit>, and C<continue> keywords work differently.

=item *


The following variables work differently:

      Awk       Perl
      ARGC      scalar @ARGV (compare with $#ARGV)
      ARGV[0]   $0
      FILENAME  $ARGV
      FNR       $. - something
      FS        (whatever you like)
      NF        $#Fld, or some such
      NR        $.
      OFMT      $#
      OFS       $,
      ORS       $\
      RLENGTH   length($&)
      RS        $/
      RSTART    length($`)
      SUBSEP    $;

=item *

You cannot set $RS to a pattern, only a string.

=item *

When in doubt, run the B<awk> construct through B<a2p> and see what it
gives you.

=back

=head2 C/C++ Traps

Cerebral C and C++ programmers should take note of the following:

=over 4

=item *

Curly brackets are required on C<if>'s and C<while>'s.

=item *

You must use C<elsif> rather than C<else if>.

=item *

The C<break> and C<continue> keywords from C become in Perl C<last>
and C<next>, respectively.  Unlike in C, these do I<not> work within a
C<do { } while> construct.  See L<perlsyn/"Loop Control">.

=item *

There's no switch statement.  (But it's easy to build one on the fly,
see L<perlsyn/"Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements">)

=item *

Variables begin with "$", "@" or "%" in Perl.

=item *

Comments begin with "#", not "/*" or "//".  Perl may interpret C/C++
comments as division operators, unterminated regular expressions or
the defined-or operator.

=item *

You can't take the address of anything, although a similar operator
in Perl is the backslash, which creates a reference.

=item *

C<ARGV> must be capitalized.  C<$ARGV[0]> is C's C<argv[1]>, and C<argv[0]>
ends up in C<$0>.

=item *

System calls such as link(), unlink(), rename(), etc. return nonzero for
success, not 0. (system(), however, returns zero for success.)

=item *

Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers.  Use C<kill -l>
to find their names on your system.

=back

=head2 Sed Traps

Seasoned B<sed> programmers should take note of the following:

=over 4

=item *

A Perl program executes only once, not once for each input line.  You can
do an implicit loop with C<-n> or C<-p>.

=item *

Backreferences in substitutions use "$" rather than "\".

=item *

The pattern matching metacharacters "(", ")", and "|" do not have backslashes
in front.

=item *

The range operator is C<...>, rather than comma.

=back

=head2 Shell Traps

Sharp shell programmers should take note of the following:

=over 4

=item *

The backtick operator does variable interpolation without regard to
the presence of single quotes in the command.

=item *

The backtick operator does no translation of the return value, unlike B<csh>.

=item *

Shells (especially B<csh>) do several levels of substitution on each
command line.  Perl does substitution in only certain constructs
such as double quotes, backticks, angle brackets, and search patterns.

=item *

Shells interpret scripts a little bit at a time.  Perl compiles the
entire program before executing it (except for C<BEGIN> blocks, which
execute at compile time).

=item *

The arguments are available via @ARGV, not $1, $2, etc.

=item *

The environment is not automatically made available as separate scalar
variables.

=item *

The shell's C<test> uses "=", "!=", "<" etc for string comparisons and "-eq",
"-ne", "-lt" etc for numeric comparisons. This is the reverse of Perl, which
uses C<eq>, C<ne>, C<lt> for string comparisons, and C<==>, C<!=> C<< < >> etc
for numeric comparisons.

=back

=head2 Perl Traps

Practicing Perl Programmers should take note of the following:

=over 4

=item *

Remember that many operations behave differently in a list
context than they do in a scalar one.  See L<perldata> for details.

=item *

Avoid barewords if you can, especially all lowercase ones.
You can't tell by just looking at it whether a bareword is
a function or a string.  By using quotes on strings and
parentheses on function calls, you won't ever get them confused.

=item *

You cannot discern from mere inspection which builtins
are unary operators (like chop() and chdir())
and which are list operators (like print() and unlink()).
(Unless prototyped, user-defined subroutines can B<only> be list
operators, never unary ones.)  See L<perlop> and L<perlsub>.

=item *

People have a hard time remembering that some functions
default to $_, or @ARGV, or whatever, but that others which
you might expect to do not.

=item *

The <FH> construct is not the name of the filehandle, it is a readline
operation on that handle.  The data read is assigned to $_ only if the
file read is the sole condition in a while loop:

    while (<FH>)      { }
    while (defined($_ = <FH>)) { }..
    <FH>;  # data discarded!

=item *

Remember not to use C<=> when you need C<=~>;
these two constructs are quite different:

    $x =  /foo/;
    $x =~ /foo/;

=item *

The C<do {}> construct isn't a real loop that you can use
loop control on.

=item *

Use C<my()> for local variables whenever you can get away with
it (but see L<perlform> for where you can't).
Using C<local()> actually gives a local value to a global