source: trunk/essentials/dev-lang/perl/pod/perl.pod

=head1 NAME

perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
        S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
        S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
        S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
        S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
        S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
        S<[ B<-P> ]>
        S<[ B<-S> ]>
        S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
        S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
        S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>

If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a 
general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.

For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.

=head2 Overview

    perl                Perl overview (this section)
    perlintro           Perl introduction for beginners
    perltoc             Perl documentation table of contents

=head2 Tutorials

    perlreftut          Perl references short introduction
    perldsc             Perl data structures intro
    perllol             Perl data structures: arrays of arrays

    perlrequick         Perl regular expressions quick start
    perlretut           Perl regular expressions tutorial

    perlboot            Perl OO tutorial for beginners
    perltoot            Perl OO tutorial, part 1
    perltooc            Perl OO tutorial, part 2
    perlbot             Perl OO tricks and examples

    perlstyle           Perl style guide

    perlcheat           Perl cheat sheet
    perltrap            Perl traps for the unwary
    perldebtut          Perl debugging tutorial

    perlfaq             Perl frequently asked questions
      perlfaq1          General Questions About Perl
      perlfaq2          Obtaining and Learning about Perl
      perlfaq3          Programming Tools
      perlfaq4          Data Manipulation
      perlfaq5          Files and Formats
      perlfaq6          Regexes
      perlfaq7          Perl Language Issues
      perlfaq8          System Interaction
      perlfaq9          Networking

=head2 Reference Manual

    perlsyn             Perl syntax
    perldata            Perl data structures
    perlop              Perl operators and precedence
    perlsub             Perl subroutines
    perlfunc            Perl built-in functions
      perlopentut       Perl open() tutorial
      perlpacktut       Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
    perlpod             Perl plain old documentation
    perlpodspec         Perl plain old documentation format specification
    perlrun             Perl execution and options
    perldiag            Perl diagnostic messages
    perllexwarn         Perl warnings and their control
    perldebug           Perl debugging
    perlvar             Perl predefined variables
    perlre              Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
    perlreref           Perl regular expressions quick reference
    perlref             Perl references, the rest of the story
    perlform            Perl formats
    perlobj             Perl objects
    perltie             Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
      perldbmfilter     Perl DBM filters

    perlipc             Perl interprocess communication
    perlfork            Perl fork() information
    perlnumber          Perl number semantics

    perlthrtut          Perl threads tutorial
      perlothrtut       Old Perl threads tutorial

    perlport            Perl portability guide
    perllocale          Perl locale support
    perluniintro        Perl Unicode introduction
    perlunicode         Perl Unicode support
    perlebcdic          Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms

    perlsec             Perl security

    perlmod             Perl modules: how they work
    perlmodlib          Perl modules: how to write and use
    perlmodstyle        Perl modules: how to write modules with style
    perlmodinstall      Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
    perlnewmod          Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution

    perlutil            utilities packaged with the Perl distribution

    perlcompile         Perl compiler suite intro

    perlfilter          Perl source filters

    perlglossary        Perl Glossary

=head2 Internals and C Language Interface

    perlembed           Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
    perldebguts         Perl debugging guts and tips
    perlxstut           Perl XS tutorial
    perlxs              Perl XS application programming interface
    perlclib            Internal replacements for standard C library functions
    perlguts            Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
    perlcall            Perl calling conventions from C

    perlapi             Perl API listing (autogenerated)
    perlintern          Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
    perliol             C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
    perlapio            Perl internal IO abstraction interface

    perlhack            Perl hackers guide

=head2 Miscellaneous

    perlbook            Perl book information
    perltodo            Perl things to do

    perldoc             Look up Perl documentation in Pod format

    perlhist            Perl history records
    perldelta           Perl changes since previous version
    perl587delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.7
    perl586delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.6
    perl585delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.5
    perl584delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.4
    perl583delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.3
    perl582delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.2
    perl581delta        Perl changes in version 5.8.1
    perl58delta         Perl changes in version 5.8.0
    perl573delta        Perl changes in version 5.7.3
    perl572delta        Perl changes in version 5.7.2
    perl571delta        Perl changes in version 5.7.1
    perl570delta        Perl changes in version 5.7.0
    perl561delta        Perl changes in version 5.6.1
    perl56delta         Perl changes in version 5.6
    perl5005delta       Perl changes in version 5.005
    perl5004delta       Perl changes in version 5.004

    perlartistic        Perl Artistic License
    perlgpl             GNU General Public License

=head2 Language-Specific

    perlcn              Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
    perljp              Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
    perlko              Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
    perltw              Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)

=head2 Platform-Specific

    perlaix             Perl notes for AIX
    perlamiga           Perl notes for AmigaOS
    perlapollo          Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
    perlbeos            Perl notes for BeOS
    perlbs2000          Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
    perlce              Perl notes for WinCE
    perlcygwin          Perl notes for Cygwin
    perldgux            Perl notes for DG/UX
    perldos             Perl notes for DOS
    perlepoc            Perl notes for EPOC
    perlfreebsd         Perl notes for FreeBSD
    perlhpux            Perl notes for HP-UX
    perlhurd            Perl notes for Hurd
    perlirix            Perl notes for Irix
    perllinux           Perl notes for Linux
    perlmachten         Perl notes for Power MachTen
    perlmacos           Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
    perlmacosx          Perl notes for Mac OS X
    perlmint            Perl notes for MiNT
    perlmpeix           Perl notes for MPE/iX
    perlnetware         Perl notes for NetWare
    perlopenbsd         Perl notes for OpenBSD
    perlos2             Perl notes for OS/2
    perlos390           Perl notes for OS/390
    perlos400           Perl notes for OS/400
    perlplan9           Perl notes for Plan 9
    perlqnx             Perl notes for QNX
    perlsolaris         Perl notes for Solaris
    perltru64           Perl notes for Tru64
    perluts             Perl notes for UTS
    perlvmesa           Perl notes for VM/ESA
    perlvms             Perl notes for VMS
    perlvos             Perl notes for Stratus VOS
    perlwin32           Perl notes for Windows


By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the 
F</usr/local/man/> directory.  

Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available.  The
default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
subdirectory of the Perl library directory).  Some of this additional
documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
documentation for third-party modules there.

You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
files, or in the MANPATH environment variable.  To find out where the
configuration has installed the manpages, type:

    perl -V:man.dir

If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
(F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
environment variable.  If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
both stems.

If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information.  You might
also look into getting a replacement man program.

If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first.  It
will often point out exactly where the trouble is.

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
reports based on that information.  It's also a good language for many
system management tasks.  The language is intended to be practical
(easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
elegant, minimal).

Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
those languages should have little difficulty with it.  (Language
historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
BASIC-PLUS.)  Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
expression syntax.  Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string.  Recursion is of
unlimited depth.  And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
"associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
performance.  Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
scan large amounts of data quickly.  Although optimized for
scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
files look like hashes.  Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
security holes.

If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
you.  There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
scripts into Perl scripts.

But wait, there's more...

Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:

=over 4

=item *

modularity and reusability using innumerable modules 

Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.

=item *

embeddable and extensible 

Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.

=item *

roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
implementations)

Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.

=item *

subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped

Described in L<perlsub>.

=item *

arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions

Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.

=item *

object-oriented programming

Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
and L<perlbot>.

=item *

support for light-weight processes (threads)

Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.

=item *

support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization

Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.

=item *

lexical scoping

Described in L<perlsub>.

=item *

regular expression enhancements

Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.

=item *

enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
with integrated editor support

Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.

=item *

POSIX 1003.1 compliant library

Described in L<POSIX>.

=back

Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.

=head1 AVAILABILITY

Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
all Unix-like platforms.  See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
for a listing.

=head1 ENVIRONMENT

See L<perlrun>.

=head1 AUTHOR

Larry Wall <[email protected]>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others 
who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, 
or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the 
Perl developers, please write to [email protected] .

=head1 FILES

 "@INC"                 locations of perl libraries

=head1 SEE ALSO

 a2p    awk to perl translator
 s2p    sed to perl translator

 http://www.perl.org/       the Perl homepage
 http://www.perl.com/       Perl articles (O'Reilly)
 http://www.cpan.org/       the Comprehensive Perl Archive
 http://www.pm.org/         the Perl Mongers

=head1 DIAGNOSTICS

The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some 
lovely diagnostics.

See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics.  The C<use
diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
and errors into these longer forms.

Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
(In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
B<-e> is counted as one line.)

Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
messages such as "Insecure dependency".  See L<perlsec>.

Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
switch?

=head1 BUGS

The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.

Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
output with sprintf().

If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
particular stream, so does Perl.  (This doesn't apply to sysread()
and syswrite().)

While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits:  a
given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters.  Line numbers
displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
affected by wraparound).

You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
tree, or by C<perl -V>) to [email protected] .  If you've succeeded
in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
can be used to help mail in a bug report.

Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
don't tell anyone I said that.

=head1 NOTES

The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it."  Divining
how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.

The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
Impatience, and Hubris.  See the Camel Book for why.