math — Mathematical functions

This module provides access to common mathematical functions and constants, including those defined by the C standard.

These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the same name from the cmath module if you require support for complex numbers. The distinction between functions which support complex numbers and those which don’t is made since most users do not want to learn quite as much mathematics as required to understand complex numbers. Receiving an exception instead of a complex result allows earlier detection of the unexpected complex number used as a parameter, so that the programmer can determine how and why it was generated in the first place.

The following functions are provided by this module. Except when explicitly noted otherwise, all return values are floats.

Number-theoretic functions

comb(n, k)

Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and without order

factorial(n)

n factorial

gcd(*integers)

Greatest common divisor of the integer arguments

isqrt(n)

Integer square root of a nonnegative integer n

lcm(*integers)

Least common multiple of the integer arguments

perm(n, k)

Number of ways to choose k items from n items without repetition and with order

Floating point arithmetic

ceil(x)

Ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x

fabs(x)

Absolute value of x

floor(x)

Floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x

fma(x, y, z)

Fused multiply-add operation: (x * y) + z

fmod(x, y)

Remainder of division x / y

modf(x)

Fractional and integer parts of x

remainder(x, y)

Remainder of x with respect to y

trunc(x)

Integer part of x

Floating point manipulation functions

copysign(x, y)

Magnitude (absolute value) of x with the sign of y

frexp(x)

Mantissa and exponent of x